‘Utayba, Banu
‘Utayba, Banu (Banu ‘Utayba) ('Utaybah) (Uteibah) (Otaibah) (Otaiba). Large Bedouin tribe in central Saudi Arabia which traces its genealogy back to Mudar and claims to belong to the Qays ‘Aylan.
'Utaybah is a large Sunni Muslim tribe of the Arabian Peninsula. As is the case with many other large tribal confederations in the region, the name 'Utaybah only appeared within the last few centuries. 'Utaybah's original territory was concentrated in the area around Taif, but in the 18th century, their lands extended to include central Nejd. The head of the family is the Bin Humaid family.
Until sometime in the 19th century, a large section of the tribe moved eastwards towards Nejd, which at the time was dominated by another large tribe known as Qahtan. A mighty war ensued between 'Utaybah and Qahtan which led to 'Utaybah taking over most of Qahtan's grazing lands in western Nejd, led by Prince Turki Bin Humaid, 'Utaybah pushed Qahtan further to the east and south. A large boulder in western Nejd where a group of Qahtani tribesmen made their last stand against 'Utaybah is still known today as Hassaat Ghatan ("Qahtan's Rock"). The tribe was mostly bedouin, however, a large number of them settled in the towns of Nejd. Sections of the tribe ended up moving as far east as Riyadh and as far north as Qassim. 'Utaybah, Mutayr and Qahtan are generally considered to be the largest tribes in Saudi Arabia today, though no reliable statistics exist.
The tribe for a long time maintained a cooperative attitude towards the Wahhabi movement championed by the Al Saud clan of Nejd in the 18th and 19th centuries, and tended to side more with the Sharifs of Mecca. In 1912, however, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, began an ambitious plan to settle the nomadic tribes within his domains (which at the time included Nejd and Arabia's eastern coastal areas). This was to be coupled with indoctrination of the tribesmen into the religious ideals espoused by Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Wahhab, as the religious observance of the bedouin was hitherto considered to be somewhat loose. The new settlements were to be known as hijras and the accompanying religious movement was called the Ikhwan ("the Brotherhood"). As a result, a large number of 'Utaybi hijras sprung up across the land, especially in western Nejd. The most famous 'Utaybi hijras were 'Afif near Dwadmi, and Sajir near Shaqraa. A large contingent of 'Utaybah, led by Sultan ibn Bjad Bin Humaid aka Sultanaldeen, joined the Ikhwan, who were then deployed by Ibn Saud against his rivals as he sought to unite as much of Arabia under his rule as possible. The Ikhwan were instrumental in gaining control of the Hejaz for Ibn Saud, but they then grew resentful and restless. The 'Utaybi leader of Ikhwan joined with main Ikhwan leaders from other tribes in revolt, but they were defeated by Ibn Saud's forces at the Battle of Sbilla near Zilfi in northeastern Nejd in 1930. The 'Utaybi hijras remained, however, and the hijra of 'Afif became particularly prosperous and is now considered a city in its own right, lying approximately half-way between Riyadh and Mecca.
Many 'Utaybis have entered the Saudi armed forces in the last few decades, and their presence with other tribes is particularly heavy in the National Guard. Prominent members of the tribe include Khalaf ibn Hathal, a poet who rose to prominence during the First Gulf War, Juhayman Al-'Utaybi, the militant who led the 1979 seizure of the Sacred Mosque in Mecca, and Dhaifallah Al-'Utaybi, mayor of Dammam and a former executive in the Saudi national oil company, Aramco.
The Otaibah tribe is subdivided into three major branches: Barga, Rwog, and Bano Saad (Sons of Saad). Each major branch is divided into many clans, each clan is divided into various families.
The meeting of the 'Utaybah Tribe is considered to be the biggest family meeting in the world.
Banu 'Utayba see ‘Utayba, Banu
'Utaybah see ‘Utayba, Banu
Uteibah see ‘Utayba, Banu
Otaibah see ‘Utayba, Banu
Otaiba see ‘Utayba, Banu
'Utaybah is a large Sunni Muslim tribe of the Arabian Peninsula. As is the case with many other large tribal confederations in the region, the name 'Utaybah only appeared within the last few centuries. 'Utaybah's original territory was concentrated in the area around Taif, but in the 18th century, their lands extended to include central Nejd. The head of the family is the Bin Humaid family.
Until sometime in the 19th century, a large section of the tribe moved eastwards towards Nejd, which at the time was dominated by another large tribe known as Qahtan. A mighty war ensued between 'Utaybah and Qahtan which led to 'Utaybah taking over most of Qahtan's grazing lands in western Nejd, led by Prince Turki Bin Humaid, 'Utaybah pushed Qahtan further to the east and south. A large boulder in western Nejd where a group of Qahtani tribesmen made their last stand against 'Utaybah is still known today as Hassaat Ghatan ("Qahtan's Rock"). The tribe was mostly bedouin, however, a large number of them settled in the towns of Nejd. Sections of the tribe ended up moving as far east as Riyadh and as far north as Qassim. 'Utaybah, Mutayr and Qahtan are generally considered to be the largest tribes in Saudi Arabia today, though no reliable statistics exist.
The tribe for a long time maintained a cooperative attitude towards the Wahhabi movement championed by the Al Saud clan of Nejd in the 18th and 19th centuries, and tended to side more with the Sharifs of Mecca. In 1912, however, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, began an ambitious plan to settle the nomadic tribes within his domains (which at the time included Nejd and Arabia's eastern coastal areas). This was to be coupled with indoctrination of the tribesmen into the religious ideals espoused by Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Wahhab, as the religious observance of the bedouin was hitherto considered to be somewhat loose. The new settlements were to be known as hijras and the accompanying religious movement was called the Ikhwan ("the Brotherhood"). As a result, a large number of 'Utaybi hijras sprung up across the land, especially in western Nejd. The most famous 'Utaybi hijras were 'Afif near Dwadmi, and Sajir near Shaqraa. A large contingent of 'Utaybah, led by Sultan ibn Bjad Bin Humaid aka Sultanaldeen, joined the Ikhwan, who were then deployed by Ibn Saud against his rivals as he sought to unite as much of Arabia under his rule as possible. The Ikhwan were instrumental in gaining control of the Hejaz for Ibn Saud, but they then grew resentful and restless. The 'Utaybi leader of Ikhwan joined with main Ikhwan leaders from other tribes in revolt, but they were defeated by Ibn Saud's forces at the Battle of Sbilla near Zilfi in northeastern Nejd in 1930. The 'Utaybi hijras remained, however, and the hijra of 'Afif became particularly prosperous and is now considered a city in its own right, lying approximately half-way between Riyadh and Mecca.
Many 'Utaybis have entered the Saudi armed forces in the last few decades, and their presence with other tribes is particularly heavy in the National Guard. Prominent members of the tribe include Khalaf ibn Hathal, a poet who rose to prominence during the First Gulf War, Juhayman Al-'Utaybi, the militant who led the 1979 seizure of the Sacred Mosque in Mecca, and Dhaifallah Al-'Utaybi, mayor of Dammam and a former executive in the Saudi national oil company, Aramco.
The Otaibah tribe is subdivided into three major branches: Barga, Rwog, and Bano Saad (Sons of Saad). Each major branch is divided into many clans, each clan is divided into various families.
The meeting of the 'Utaybah Tribe is considered to be the biggest family meeting in the world.
Banu 'Utayba see ‘Utayba, Banu
'Utaybah see ‘Utayba, Banu
Uteibah see ‘Utayba, Banu
Otaibah see ‘Utayba, Banu
Otaiba see ‘Utayba, Banu
‘Utba ibn Ghazwan ibn al-Harith
‘Utba ibn Ghazwan ibn al-Harith (Utbah ibn Ghazwan) (d. c. 636/639). One of the first Companions of the Prophet. He is best known as the founder of Basra.
Utbah ibn Ghazwan was a well known companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the seventh person to convert to Islam and participated in the hijra to Abyssinia, but returned to stay with Muhammad in Mecca before making the second hijrah to Medina. He fought at the battle of Badr (624), the battle of Uhud (625), the Battle of the Trench (627) and many others, including the battles of Yamamah.
During the caliphate of Umar (r.634-644), Utbah commanded a force of 2,000 men in a campaign against Ubullah which lasted from June through September 635. Once Uballa was occupied, Utba sent a force across the Tigris River which occupied the district of Furat, followed by Meisan and Abarqubaz. He was soon appointed governor of Basra (Iraq) by the caliph. In 639 Utba left for the Hijaz to perform hajj and to request Umar to relieve him of his office as governor. Umar refused, but while returning to Basra Utbah fell from his camel and died. He was succeeded by al-Mughīrah ibn Shuʿbah as governor.
Utbah ibn Ghazwan see ‘Utba ibn Ghazwan ibn al-Harith
‘Utba ibn Ghazwan ibn al-Harith (Utbah ibn Ghazwan) (d. c. 636/639). One of the first Companions of the Prophet. He is best known as the founder of Basra.
Utbah ibn Ghazwan was a well known companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the seventh person to convert to Islam and participated in the hijra to Abyssinia, but returned to stay with Muhammad in Mecca before making the second hijrah to Medina. He fought at the battle of Badr (624), the battle of Uhud (625), the Battle of the Trench (627) and many others, including the battles of Yamamah.
During the caliphate of Umar (r.634-644), Utbah commanded a force of 2,000 men in a campaign against Ubullah which lasted from June through September 635. Once Uballa was occupied, Utba sent a force across the Tigris River which occupied the district of Furat, followed by Meisan and Abarqubaz. He was soon appointed governor of Basra (Iraq) by the caliph. In 639 Utba left for the Hijaz to perform hajj and to request Umar to relieve him of his office as governor. Umar refused, but while returning to Basra Utbah fell from his camel and died. He was succeeded by al-Mughīrah ibn Shuʿbah as governor.
Utbah ibn Ghazwan see ‘Utba ibn Ghazwan ibn al-Harith
‘Utbi, Abu Nasr Muhammad al-
‘Utbi, Abu Nasr Muhammad al- (Abu Nasr Muhammad al-‘Utbi) (c.961-1036). Arab historian from Rayy. He was the author of a history of the reign of the Ghaznavid Nasir al-Dawla Sebuktigin, the governor of Khurasan on behalf of the Samanids, of his son Mahmud and of the early years of his grandson Mas‘ud I.
Abu Nasr Muhammad al-‘Utbi see ‘Utbi, Abu Nasr Muhammad al-
‘Utbi, Abu Nasr Muhammad al- (Abu Nasr Muhammad al-‘Utbi) (c.961-1036). Arab historian from Rayy. He was the author of a history of the reign of the Ghaznavid Nasir al-Dawla Sebuktigin, the governor of Khurasan on behalf of the Samanids, of his son Mahmud and of the early years of his grandson Mas‘ud I.
Abu Nasr Muhammad al-‘Utbi see ‘Utbi, Abu Nasr Muhammad al-
‘Uthman Abu Bakr Digna
‘Uthman Abu Bakr Digna (Digna) (c. 1840-1926). Governor and general of the Mahdiyya in the Eastern Sudan. He was a slave trader who joined Muhammad al-Mahdi in 1883.
Digna, 'Uthman Abu Bakr see ‘Uthman Abu Bakr Digna
Digna see ‘Uthman Abu Bakr Digna
‘Uthman Abu Bakr Digna (Digna) (c. 1840-1926). Governor and general of the Mahdiyya in the Eastern Sudan. He was a slave trader who joined Muhammad al-Mahdi in 1883.
Digna, 'Uthman Abu Bakr see ‘Uthman Abu Bakr Digna
Digna see ‘Uthman Abu Bakr Digna
‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan
‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan (Usman ibn ‘Affān) (c. 579, Taif, Arabia - July 17, 656, Medina, Arabia). Third caliph (r.644-656). ‘Uthman was an early, pre-hijra convert to Islam. He belonged to the Banu Umayya and accepted the teaching of the Prophet several years before the hijra.
He was a rich merchant, and married the Prophet’s daughter Ruqayya. He is believed to have taken part in the migration to Abyssinia and in the Hijra to Medina, but he did not take part in the battle of Badr. After the death of Ruqayya, he married Umm Kulthum, another daughter of the Prophet. After the murder of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab in 644, he was elected caliph by a council of the six oldest Companions, a council that was named by ‘Umar on his deathbed. ‘Uthman was chosen because he was a member of the Prophet’s family through his marriages, because he was an Umayyad and probably because he was the most outstanding candidate, since ‘Ali, al-Zubayr ibn al- ‘Awwam, Talha ibn ‘Ubayd Allah, Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqas and ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Awf ruled one another out. Since he was an Umayyad, his appointment may be seen as a victory of the old Meccan oligarchy.
During his caliphate many serious grievances were uttered, the first and perhaps gravest charge being that he appointed members of his family to the governorships in the provinces of Syria and Egypt. He also assigned the booty of the expeditions not entirely to the soldiers, but reserved a share for his governors and family by developing the system of fiefs. Cutting down the military pensions because of the economic crisis following the sudden enriching of the Arab masses also increased the number of malcontents. One of the steps which contributed very greatly to stirring up the religious element against ‘Uthman was the official edition of the Qur’an, the destruction of the provincial copies being considered most odious.
In 650, the first movements of rebellion began in Iraq, which was suffering most from the economic crisis, especially in Kufa, and spread to Egypt. In 655, rebel factions advanced on Medina. ‘Uthman gave in to all their demands, but on returning, the Egyptians found a letter from the caliph to his foster brother ‘Abd Allah ibn Sa‘d (Ibn Abi Sarh), the governor of Egypt, containing an order to put to death or mutilate the leaders of the movement. ‘Uthman denied that the letter was genuine, but his house became besieged.
Opposition to ‘Uthman’s caliphate formed in Medina, especially among members of the family of the Prophet and other Meccans, and more overtly in Iraq and Egypt. The Companions, including ‘Ali, maintained an attitude of neutrality and ‘A’isha, the widow of the Prophet, who was opposed to ‘Uthman, left for Mecca. ‘Uthman refused to abdicate. It is not known whether it was Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of the first caliph and brother of ‘A’isha, or another who gave the coup de grace. In June 656 of the Christian calendar, a group of Egyptian army rebels with grievances invaded Medina and mortally wounded ‘Uthman. This assassination established a woeful precedent in Islamic history.
‘Ali was subsequently elected caliph, but he was destined to be challenged by Mu‘awiya, the Umayyad governor of Syria. The political, and soon also the religious unity of Islam was at an end and the period of schisms and civil wars had begun.
In the final analysis, history shows that the outstanding achievement of ‘Uthman’s reign was his establishment of the definitive text of the Qur’an shortly after 650. The Qur’an became a living legacy of ‘Uthman’s short, turbulent reign.
A chronology of Uthman’s life reads as follows:
Uthman was probably born in Mecca around 580 of the Christian calendar, the member of the powerful Umayyad clan. We do not know with any certainty which year he was born, nor where -- but Mecca is most likely.
In the early seventh century, Uthman became a wealthy merchant, and a gentleman of his time.
In 615, Uthman became a Muslim. Although some sources indicate that his conversion may have actually occurred at a later date.
Around 620, Uthman married Muhammad’s daughter Ruqaiya.
In 624, Ruqaiya died during the Battle of Badr, preventing Uthman from participating in the battle.
Around 625, Uthman married another daughter of Muhammad, Umm Kulthum.
In 644, Uthman was chosen the new caliph. There had been seven candidates, but the other ones were controversial. Uthman was a compromise candidate, and was not chosen because any particular outstanding quality of his own.
In 650, there were rebellions in Iraq and Egypt, protesting against Uthman’s policy of distributing wealth and land won in the war.
In June of 656, Uthman was besieged in his own home by a group of Egyptian Muslims. It is believed that Muhammad’s favorite wife. Aisha played a central part in the campaign against Uthman. On June 17, Uthman was assassinated in Medina by Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Following this death, tensions in the Muslim world became even more problematic than under the last years of his reign. He would be succeeded by Ali as caliph.
Uthman is credited for having centralized the administration of the Muslim state, and it was during his reign that the compilation of the Qur’an was completed.
Uthman was the last caliph who could enjoy unity in the Muslim world, even if there was much displeasure with his regime. This displeasure came from a number of reasons. The most important reason was his policy towards war booty from the many military expeditions. Soldiers and officers felt that Uthman confiscated to large parts of the booty for his own administration and his family. He established a system of landed fiefs and distributed many of the provincial governorships to members of his family.
The dissatisfaction of his time was no more problematic than what other rulers had to cope with, including his predecessor Umar. As a matter of fact, Uthman’s politics were a continuation of Umar’s. But Uthman was not a particularly strong leader, and to a large degree controlled by his family. His politics would eventually result in his death. Through his weakness, Uthman became one of the most important men of early Islam, paving for the first schisms in the religion, schisms that still exist (Sunni, Shi‘a, and Khariji).
Another source of discontent was the process of compiling the Qur’an. The qurra’, who were the bearers of the sacred text both in verbal and written form, exercised a power which was openly questioned by contemporary Muslims. The qurra’ was suspected of both holding back passages, as well as manipulating other passages.
Islamic history, particularly Sunni history, remembers Uthman in positive terms, calling him handsome, generous, and plain rather than luxurious. It is said that Uthman was one of the most handsome and charming men of his time. Uthman was well known for his reported generosity. During Muhammad's time, while in Medina, he financed the project for the construction of the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi and purchased the well Beer Rauma, which he dedicated to the free use of all Muslims. Uthman’s generosity continued after he became caliph.
Uthman apparently led a simple life even after becoming the Caliph of the Rashidun Empire, though it would have been easy for a successful businessman such as him to lead a luxurious life. The caliphs were paid for their services from bait al-mal, the public treasury, but Uthman never took any salary for his service as a Caliph, as he was independently wealthy. Uthman also developed a custom to free slaves every Friday, look after the widows and orphans, and give unlimited charity. His patience and endurance were among the characteristics that made him a successful leader. He was a devoted Muslim. As a way of taking care of Muhammad’s wives, he doubled their allowances. Uthman wasn't completely plain and simple, however: Uthman built a Palace for himself in Medina, known as Al-Zawar, with a notable feature being doors of precious wood. Although Uthman paid for the palace with his own money, Shia Muslims consider it his first step towards ruling like a King. Uthman's sister Amna bint Affan was married to Abdur Rahman bin Awf, one of the closest companion of Muhammad.
Usman ibn 'Affan see ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan
‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan (Usman ibn ‘Affān) (c. 579, Taif, Arabia - July 17, 656, Medina, Arabia). Third caliph (r.644-656). ‘Uthman was an early, pre-hijra convert to Islam. He belonged to the Banu Umayya and accepted the teaching of the Prophet several years before the hijra.
He was a rich merchant, and married the Prophet’s daughter Ruqayya. He is believed to have taken part in the migration to Abyssinia and in the Hijra to Medina, but he did not take part in the battle of Badr. After the death of Ruqayya, he married Umm Kulthum, another daughter of the Prophet. After the murder of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab in 644, he was elected caliph by a council of the six oldest Companions, a council that was named by ‘Umar on his deathbed. ‘Uthman was chosen because he was a member of the Prophet’s family through his marriages, because he was an Umayyad and probably because he was the most outstanding candidate, since ‘Ali, al-Zubayr ibn al- ‘Awwam, Talha ibn ‘Ubayd Allah, Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqas and ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Awf ruled one another out. Since he was an Umayyad, his appointment may be seen as a victory of the old Meccan oligarchy.
During his caliphate many serious grievances were uttered, the first and perhaps gravest charge being that he appointed members of his family to the governorships in the provinces of Syria and Egypt. He also assigned the booty of the expeditions not entirely to the soldiers, but reserved a share for his governors and family by developing the system of fiefs. Cutting down the military pensions because of the economic crisis following the sudden enriching of the Arab masses also increased the number of malcontents. One of the steps which contributed very greatly to stirring up the religious element against ‘Uthman was the official edition of the Qur’an, the destruction of the provincial copies being considered most odious.
In 650, the first movements of rebellion began in Iraq, which was suffering most from the economic crisis, especially in Kufa, and spread to Egypt. In 655, rebel factions advanced on Medina. ‘Uthman gave in to all their demands, but on returning, the Egyptians found a letter from the caliph to his foster brother ‘Abd Allah ibn Sa‘d (Ibn Abi Sarh), the governor of Egypt, containing an order to put to death or mutilate the leaders of the movement. ‘Uthman denied that the letter was genuine, but his house became besieged.
Opposition to ‘Uthman’s caliphate formed in Medina, especially among members of the family of the Prophet and other Meccans, and more overtly in Iraq and Egypt. The Companions, including ‘Ali, maintained an attitude of neutrality and ‘A’isha, the widow of the Prophet, who was opposed to ‘Uthman, left for Mecca. ‘Uthman refused to abdicate. It is not known whether it was Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of the first caliph and brother of ‘A’isha, or another who gave the coup de grace. In June 656 of the Christian calendar, a group of Egyptian army rebels with grievances invaded Medina and mortally wounded ‘Uthman. This assassination established a woeful precedent in Islamic history.
‘Ali was subsequently elected caliph, but he was destined to be challenged by Mu‘awiya, the Umayyad governor of Syria. The political, and soon also the religious unity of Islam was at an end and the period of schisms and civil wars had begun.
In the final analysis, history shows that the outstanding achievement of ‘Uthman’s reign was his establishment of the definitive text of the Qur’an shortly after 650. The Qur’an became a living legacy of ‘Uthman’s short, turbulent reign.
A chronology of Uthman’s life reads as follows:
Uthman was probably born in Mecca around 580 of the Christian calendar, the member of the powerful Umayyad clan. We do not know with any certainty which year he was born, nor where -- but Mecca is most likely.
In the early seventh century, Uthman became a wealthy merchant, and a gentleman of his time.
In 615, Uthman became a Muslim. Although some sources indicate that his conversion may have actually occurred at a later date.
Around 620, Uthman married Muhammad’s daughter Ruqaiya.
In 624, Ruqaiya died during the Battle of Badr, preventing Uthman from participating in the battle.
Around 625, Uthman married another daughter of Muhammad, Umm Kulthum.
In 644, Uthman was chosen the new caliph. There had been seven candidates, but the other ones were controversial. Uthman was a compromise candidate, and was not chosen because any particular outstanding quality of his own.
In 650, there were rebellions in Iraq and Egypt, protesting against Uthman’s policy of distributing wealth and land won in the war.
In June of 656, Uthman was besieged in his own home by a group of Egyptian Muslims. It is believed that Muhammad’s favorite wife. Aisha played a central part in the campaign against Uthman. On June 17, Uthman was assassinated in Medina by Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Following this death, tensions in the Muslim world became even more problematic than under the last years of his reign. He would be succeeded by Ali as caliph.
Uthman is credited for having centralized the administration of the Muslim state, and it was during his reign that the compilation of the Qur’an was completed.
Uthman was the last caliph who could enjoy unity in the Muslim world, even if there was much displeasure with his regime. This displeasure came from a number of reasons. The most important reason was his policy towards war booty from the many military expeditions. Soldiers and officers felt that Uthman confiscated to large parts of the booty for his own administration and his family. He established a system of landed fiefs and distributed many of the provincial governorships to members of his family.
The dissatisfaction of his time was no more problematic than what other rulers had to cope with, including his predecessor Umar. As a matter of fact, Uthman’s politics were a continuation of Umar’s. But Uthman was not a particularly strong leader, and to a large degree controlled by his family. His politics would eventually result in his death. Through his weakness, Uthman became one of the most important men of early Islam, paving for the first schisms in the religion, schisms that still exist (Sunni, Shi‘a, and Khariji).
Another source of discontent was the process of compiling the Qur’an. The qurra’, who were the bearers of the sacred text both in verbal and written form, exercised a power which was openly questioned by contemporary Muslims. The qurra’ was suspected of both holding back passages, as well as manipulating other passages.
Islamic history, particularly Sunni history, remembers Uthman in positive terms, calling him handsome, generous, and plain rather than luxurious. It is said that Uthman was one of the most handsome and charming men of his time. Uthman was well known for his reported generosity. During Muhammad's time, while in Medina, he financed the project for the construction of the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi and purchased the well Beer Rauma, which he dedicated to the free use of all Muslims. Uthman’s generosity continued after he became caliph.
Uthman apparently led a simple life even after becoming the Caliph of the Rashidun Empire, though it would have been easy for a successful businessman such as him to lead a luxurious life. The caliphs were paid for their services from bait al-mal, the public treasury, but Uthman never took any salary for his service as a Caliph, as he was independently wealthy. Uthman also developed a custom to free slaves every Friday, look after the widows and orphans, and give unlimited charity. His patience and endurance were among the characteristics that made him a successful leader. He was a devoted Muslim. As a way of taking care of Muhammad’s wives, he doubled their allowances. Uthman wasn't completely plain and simple, however: Uthman built a Palace for himself in Medina, known as Al-Zawar, with a notable feature being doors of precious wood. Although Uthman paid for the palace with his own money, Shia Muslims consider it his first step towards ruling like a King. Uthman's sister Amna bint Affan was married to Abdur Rahman bin Awf, one of the closest companion of Muhammad.
Usman ibn 'Affan see ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan
‘Uthman ibn Maz‘un ibn Habib
‘Uthman ibn Maz‘un ibn Habib (d. 625). One of the earliest Companions of the Prophet. He took part in the emigration to Abyssinia and in the battle of Badr. In hadith, ‘Uthman is the most characteristic representative of the ascetic tendencies in early Islam, and he is said to have asked the Prophet’s permission to castrate himself.
‘Uthman ibn Maz‘un ibn Habib (d. 625). One of the earliest Companions of the Prophet. He took part in the emigration to Abyssinia and in the battle of Badr. In hadith, ‘Uthman is the most characteristic representative of the ascetic tendencies in early Islam, and he is said to have asked the Prophet’s permission to castrate himself.
Utrush, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-
Utrush, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al- (Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Utrush) (c.844-917). Ruler in Tabaristan and recognized as Imam by the Zaydis, including those of Yemen. He went from Medina to Tabaristan where al-Hasan ibn Zayd ibn Muhammad had founded the Zaydiyya. He conducetd ‘Alid propaganda from Gilan and, having defeated the troops sent by the Samanid Ahmad Ii ibn Isma‘il (r. 907-914), he established a little ‘Alid state at Amul in east Mazandaran, which lasted until 1126.
Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Utrush see Utrush, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-
Utrush, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al- (Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Utrush) (c.844-917). Ruler in Tabaristan and recognized as Imam by the Zaydis, including those of Yemen. He went from Medina to Tabaristan where al-Hasan ibn Zayd ibn Muhammad had founded the Zaydiyya. He conducetd ‘Alid propaganda from Gilan and, having defeated the troops sent by the Samanid Ahmad Ii ibn Isma‘il (r. 907-914), he established a little ‘Alid state at Amul in east Mazandaran, which lasted until 1126.
Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Utrush see Utrush, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-
No comments:
Post a Comment