Zubayr ibn al-‘Awwam
Zubayr ibn al-‘Awwam (Zubair ibn al-'Awwam) (al-Hawari - “the Apostle”) (594-656). Cousin of the Prophet and nephew of Khadija. He was one of the earliest converts to Islam. With his wife, Asthma bint Abi Bakr, he had three sons who also became known in early Islam: ‘Abd Allah, ‘Urwa, and Mus‘ab. He took part in all the battles and campaigns of the Prophet and was renowned for his gallantry. His epithet “the Apostle” was given him by the Prophet on account of his services as a spy in the conflict with the Banu Qurayza. In the conflict between ‘A’isha and ‘Ali, he was on the side of the Prophet’s widow, but withdrew from the Battle of the Camel and was treacherously killed in 656 in Basra (Iraq).
Zubayr (Zubair) ibn al-Awwam was a companion of Muhammad and later one of the most successful commanders of the Rashidun army. He was born in Mecca (Arabia) in 594. He first served under Prophet Muhammad in various military expeditions and was a commander of one of the four armies that entered Mecca during the Conquest of Mecca. He later served under the Rashidun caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar. He commanded a regiment in the decisive Battle of Yarmouk, fought in 636. Later in 640, he commanded the reinforcements sent to capture Amr ibn al-As in Egypt. Zubayr was the most successful field commander during the Muslim conquest of Egypt. On his death bed, Caliph Umar selected Zubayr along with five other individuals, from whom one Caliph would be chosen to succeed him.
Zubayr kept himself away from state politics and military affairs after the death of Caliph Umar. Caliph Uthman was assassinated in 656, and when 'A'isha (Ayesha), wife of Prophet Muhammad, raised the cry for the vengeance of blood of 'Uthman, Zubayr along with another influential personality, Talha ibn Ubaidullah, joined 'A'isha and marched to Basra, where 4000 people, who had joined the rebels to besiege Caliph Uthman's house, were killed. 'Ali, marched to Basra, where the army of 'Ali and that of 'A'isha agreed upon a pact to aid the Caliphate in dealing with the rebels who killed 'Uthman. At night, however, a battle started between the two armies erupted. The battle that ensued is known as Battle of Camel. Zubayr, unwilling to fight against 'Ali, left the battlefield.
Zubayr left the battlefield and was killed during prayers by one of the soldiers of Ali's army who had been chasing him.
Zubayr ibn al-‘Awwam (Zubair ibn al-'Awwam) (al-Hawari - “the Apostle”) (594-656). Cousin of the Prophet and nephew of Khadija. He was one of the earliest converts to Islam. With his wife, Asthma bint Abi Bakr, he had three sons who also became known in early Islam: ‘Abd Allah, ‘Urwa, and Mus‘ab. He took part in all the battles and campaigns of the Prophet and was renowned for his gallantry. His epithet “the Apostle” was given him by the Prophet on account of his services as a spy in the conflict with the Banu Qurayza. In the conflict between ‘A’isha and ‘Ali, he was on the side of the Prophet’s widow, but withdrew from the Battle of the Camel and was treacherously killed in 656 in Basra (Iraq).
Zubayr (Zubair) ibn al-Awwam was a companion of Muhammad and later one of the most successful commanders of the Rashidun army. He was born in Mecca (Arabia) in 594. He first served under Prophet Muhammad in various military expeditions and was a commander of one of the four armies that entered Mecca during the Conquest of Mecca. He later served under the Rashidun caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar. He commanded a regiment in the decisive Battle of Yarmouk, fought in 636. Later in 640, he commanded the reinforcements sent to capture Amr ibn al-As in Egypt. Zubayr was the most successful field commander during the Muslim conquest of Egypt. On his death bed, Caliph Umar selected Zubayr along with five other individuals, from whom one Caliph would be chosen to succeed him.
Zubayr kept himself away from state politics and military affairs after the death of Caliph Umar. Caliph Uthman was assassinated in 656, and when 'A'isha (Ayesha), wife of Prophet Muhammad, raised the cry for the vengeance of blood of 'Uthman, Zubayr along with another influential personality, Talha ibn Ubaidullah, joined 'A'isha and marched to Basra, where 4000 people, who had joined the rebels to besiege Caliph Uthman's house, were killed. 'Ali, marched to Basra, where the army of 'Ali and that of 'A'isha agreed upon a pact to aid the Caliphate in dealing with the rebels who killed 'Uthman. At night, however, a battle started between the two armies erupted. The battle that ensued is known as Battle of Camel. Zubayr, unwilling to fight against 'Ali, left the battlefield.
Zubayr left the battlefield and was killed during prayers by one of the soldiers of Ali's army who had been chasing him.
Hawari, al- see Zubayr ibn al-‘Awwam
The Apostle see Zubayr ibn al-‘Awwam
Zubair ibn al-'Awwam see Zubayr ibn al-‘Awwam
Zubayr Rahma Mansur, al-
Zubayr Rahma Mansur, al- (1830-1913). Arab slave trader who built his own principality in southeastern Sudan.
A Sudanese Arab slave trader in the late 19th-century, Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur (also Sebehr Rahma or Rahama Zobeir) later became a pasha and Sudanese governor. His reputation as a nemesis of General Charles Gordon meant he was bestowed a near-mythic status in England, where he was referred to as "the richest and worst", a "Slaver King" "who [had] chained lions as part of his escort".
Born in 1830, al-Zubayr came from the Gemaab section of the Ja'Alin tribe in Northern Sudan. Al-Zubayr was raised and educated in northern Sudan. He first entered southern Sudan to trade and to raid for slaves in 1856. He then began his large-scale business when he left Khartoum with a small army to set up a network of trading forts known as zaribas, focusing his efforts on slave trading and ivory sales.
By the mid-1860s, al-Zubayr was the virtual master of the Bahr al-Ghazal province. Al-Zubayr controlled Bahr al-Ghazal through military conquests and an elaborate system of alliances with local chiefs.
In the early 1870s, al-Zubayr’s efforts to expand his activities to the south were frustrated by the fierce resistance of the Zande chief Yambio and the increased efforts of the Egyptian-Sudanese administration to curb slaving. Afterwards, al-Zubayr maintained an uneasy alliance with the Egyptians in a drive to conquer Darfur to the north.
In 1871, at the height of his power, al-Zubayr was visited by Georg Schweinfurth. Two years later, he was granted the title of Governor over Bahr el Ghazal in return for an annual tribute of ivory.
Eventually al-Zubayr controlled 30 zaribas, and earned the titles of bey and Pasha, after allying himself, and his lieutenant Rabih az-Zubayr, with the khedive Ismail Pasha briefly during the invasion of Darfur, where he led the southern forces. He was referred to as "the Black Pasha", and ultimately wished to become Governor General.
In 1877, General Gordon arrived as the newly-appointed Governor of the Sudan, and sought to suppress the slavetrade. Al-Zubayr brought his grievances to Cairo, asking for the Governorship of the newly-conquered Darfur, but was rejected. Egyptian authorities also prohibited his return to Sudan, but allowed him to travel to Istanbul at the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War.
On February 18, 1884, Gordon offered the imprisoned al-Zubayr leadership of the entire Sudan, in addition to his freedom - if he would help the British keep the forces of Muhammad Ahmad at bay. The following month Gordon astonished Europe by recommending that al-Zubayr be named his successor as Governor of Sudan.
Eventually, Queen Victoria, Sir Evelyn Baring, William Ewart Gladstone and Nubar Pasha in Cairo, all agreed to allow al-Zubayr the title, but the order was rescinded by the British government, upset with al-Zubayr's slave-raiding practises.
Nevertheless, al-Zubayr was put in charge of all the black African forces, as well as sharing command of Arab forces with Hussein Pasha.
In March 1885, al-Zubayr was removed from command and imprisoned at Gibraltar, when British forces suspected that he might have negotiated fealty to Ahmad, based on alleged correspondence between them.
In August 1887, he was allowed to return to Cairo, and after the 1899 reconquest of the Sudan was permitted to settle in his native country. He established himself on his estates at Geili, some 30 miles north of Khartoum.
In retirement Zubayr wrote his memoirs, which were translated into English as Black Ivory: Or, the Story of El Zubeir Pasha, Slaver and Sultan, as Told By Himself.
Zubayr Rahma Mansur, al- (1830-1913). Arab slave trader who built his own principality in southeastern Sudan.
A Sudanese Arab slave trader in the late 19th-century, Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur (also Sebehr Rahma or Rahama Zobeir) later became a pasha and Sudanese governor. His reputation as a nemesis of General Charles Gordon meant he was bestowed a near-mythic status in England, where he was referred to as "the richest and worst", a "Slaver King" "who [had] chained lions as part of his escort".
Born in 1830, al-Zubayr came from the Gemaab section of the Ja'Alin tribe in Northern Sudan. Al-Zubayr was raised and educated in northern Sudan. He first entered southern Sudan to trade and to raid for slaves in 1856. He then began his large-scale business when he left Khartoum with a small army to set up a network of trading forts known as zaribas, focusing his efforts on slave trading and ivory sales.
By the mid-1860s, al-Zubayr was the virtual master of the Bahr al-Ghazal province. Al-Zubayr controlled Bahr al-Ghazal through military conquests and an elaborate system of alliances with local chiefs.
In the early 1870s, al-Zubayr’s efforts to expand his activities to the south were frustrated by the fierce resistance of the Zande chief Yambio and the increased efforts of the Egyptian-Sudanese administration to curb slaving. Afterwards, al-Zubayr maintained an uneasy alliance with the Egyptians in a drive to conquer Darfur to the north.
In 1871, at the height of his power, al-Zubayr was visited by Georg Schweinfurth. Two years later, he was granted the title of Governor over Bahr el Ghazal in return for an annual tribute of ivory.
Eventually al-Zubayr controlled 30 zaribas, and earned the titles of bey and Pasha, after allying himself, and his lieutenant Rabih az-Zubayr, with the khedive Ismail Pasha briefly during the invasion of Darfur, where he led the southern forces. He was referred to as "the Black Pasha", and ultimately wished to become Governor General.
In 1877, General Gordon arrived as the newly-appointed Governor of the Sudan, and sought to suppress the slavetrade. Al-Zubayr brought his grievances to Cairo, asking for the Governorship of the newly-conquered Darfur, but was rejected. Egyptian authorities also prohibited his return to Sudan, but allowed him to travel to Istanbul at the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War.
On February 18, 1884, Gordon offered the imprisoned al-Zubayr leadership of the entire Sudan, in addition to his freedom - if he would help the British keep the forces of Muhammad Ahmad at bay. The following month Gordon astonished Europe by recommending that al-Zubayr be named his successor as Governor of Sudan.
Eventually, Queen Victoria, Sir Evelyn Baring, William Ewart Gladstone and Nubar Pasha in Cairo, all agreed to allow al-Zubayr the title, but the order was rescinded by the British government, upset with al-Zubayr's slave-raiding practises.
Nevertheless, al-Zubayr was put in charge of all the black African forces, as well as sharing command of Arab forces with Hussein Pasha.
In March 1885, al-Zubayr was removed from command and imprisoned at Gibraltar, when British forces suspected that he might have negotiated fealty to Ahmad, based on alleged correspondence between them.
In August 1887, he was allowed to return to Cairo, and after the 1899 reconquest of the Sudan was permitted to settle in his native country. He established himself on his estates at Geili, some 30 miles north of Khartoum.
In retirement Zubayr wrote his memoirs, which were translated into English as Black Ivory: Or, the Story of El Zubeir Pasha, Slaver and Sultan, as Told By Himself.
Sebehr Rahma see Zubayr Rahma Mansur, al-
Rahama Zobeir see Zubayr Rahma Mansur, al-
Mansur, al-Zubayr Rahma see Zubayr Rahma Mansur, al-
Zubeiru
Zubeiru (d. 1903). Ruler of the Fula emirate of Adamawa created by his father, Adama. Zubeiru ruled from 1890 to 1893 and during his reign he resisted British encroachment and was forced to spend his last years as a renegade.
When Zubeiru succeeded his brother, Sanda, he was considered unstable, and probably suffered from epilepsy. He began a program of Islamic fundamentalist reform. These reforms along with the perception of him held by his people, made Zubeiru unpopular and weakened his ability to withstand the challenge of Hayatu ibn Sa’id.
Hayatu was a great-grandson of the Fula Islamic revolutionary ‘Uthman dan Fodio who had created the empire of which Adamawa was a part. Hayatu came to Adamawa and attracted a large following. Zubeiru felt compelled to fight him, but was disastrously defeated in 1892. Hayatu was unable to follow up his victory, however, and later was killed in Bornu.
Afterwards, Zubeiru’s chief concern was limiting the encroachment of George Goldie’s Royal Niger Company, which had assumed that its 1886 treaty with Sokoto, the seat of the empire, permitted trade with Adamawa. Zubeiru refused to acknowledge the treaty, however, and signed separate agreements in 1893 and 1897.
In 1900, the British under Frederick Lugard took over the administration of Northern Nigeria from the Royal Niger Company, but Zubeiru refused to submit to British authority. Lugard considered him the worst slave trader in Africa and determined to bring Adamawa under British control.
In 1901, British forces stormed and captured Yola, Zubeiru’s capital, but Zubeiru escaped. He was replaced there by his brother.
Zubeiru and his followers kept on the move. He briefly attempted to ally with the French and Germans in neighboring Chad and Cameroon but ended up fighting the Germans who massacred most of his remaining troops.
Early in 1903, Zubeiru had the German resident at Marua assassinated. Zubeiru began raiding again, as the British kept him on the run.
Zubeiru was killed in 1903 by Lala warriors who were hunting down slave raiders.
Zubeiru (d. 1903). Ruler of the Fula emirate of Adamawa created by his father, Adama. Zubeiru ruled from 1890 to 1893 and during his reign he resisted British encroachment and was forced to spend his last years as a renegade.
When Zubeiru succeeded his brother, Sanda, he was considered unstable, and probably suffered from epilepsy. He began a program of Islamic fundamentalist reform. These reforms along with the perception of him held by his people, made Zubeiru unpopular and weakened his ability to withstand the challenge of Hayatu ibn Sa’id.
Hayatu was a great-grandson of the Fula Islamic revolutionary ‘Uthman dan Fodio who had created the empire of which Adamawa was a part. Hayatu came to Adamawa and attracted a large following. Zubeiru felt compelled to fight him, but was disastrously defeated in 1892. Hayatu was unable to follow up his victory, however, and later was killed in Bornu.
Afterwards, Zubeiru’s chief concern was limiting the encroachment of George Goldie’s Royal Niger Company, which had assumed that its 1886 treaty with Sokoto, the seat of the empire, permitted trade with Adamawa. Zubeiru refused to acknowledge the treaty, however, and signed separate agreements in 1893 and 1897.
In 1900, the British under Frederick Lugard took over the administration of Northern Nigeria from the Royal Niger Company, but Zubeiru refused to submit to British authority. Lugard considered him the worst slave trader in Africa and determined to bring Adamawa under British control.
In 1901, British forces stormed and captured Yola, Zubeiru’s capital, but Zubeiru escaped. He was replaced there by his brother.
Zubeiru and his followers kept on the move. He briefly attempted to ally with the French and Germans in neighboring Chad and Cameroon but ended up fighting the Germans who massacred most of his remaining troops.
Early in 1903, Zubeiru had the German resident at Marua assassinated. Zubeiru began raiding again, as the British kept him on the run.
Zubeiru was killed in 1903 by Lala warriors who were hunting down slave raiders.
Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma
Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma (b. c. 520-d. c. 609). Pre-Islamic Arab poet. Along with Imru’ al-Qays ibn Hujr and al-Nabigha al-Dhubyani, Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma is considered one of the great poets of the pre-Islamic period.
Zuhayr, also Zuhair, full name Zuhayr ibn Abî Sûlmâ, belonged to the Muzaynah tribe. His father was a poet. His elder son, Ka'b bin Zuhayr, was also a poet and read poems to Muhammad.
His poems can be found in Hammad Ar-Rawiya's anthology, the Mu'allaqat ("the Suspended"), a collection of pre-Islamic poetry. He was one of the Seven Hanged Poets who were reputed to have been honored by hanging copies of their work in the Kaaba at Mecca. He was Umar ibn Khattab's favorite poet.
Zuhayr's poetry was written when two Bedouin tribes ended a longstanding hostility. His poems deal with raids and other subjects of nomadic desert life. He also wrote satirical poems and poems about the glory of his tribe, but in his verses he was less satiric than most of his brother poets. He strove to express deep thoughts in simple words, to be clear and by his clear phrases to teach his people high and noble ideas. He was a man of rank and wealth, the foremost of a family noted for their poetic skill and religious earnestness. In brief, Zuhayr was the gentleman-philosopher among pre-Islamic Arab poets.
Although Zuhayr was from the Muzaynah tribe, he lived among the Ghaṭafān. Zuhayr’s father was a poet, his first wife the sister of a poet, and two of his sons were poets. The elder son, Kaʿb, is famous for the poem he recited for the Prophet Muhammad, thereby signalling his acceptance of Islam. Zuhayr’s poem in Al-Muʿallaqāt praises the men who brought peace between the clans of ʿAbs and Dhubyān. In the poem, war is compared to a millstone that grinds those who set it moving, and the poet speaks as one who from a long life has learned humankind’s need for morality. Zuhayr’s extant poetry, available in several Arabic editions, includes other poems of praise and satires.
Zuhayr see Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma
Zuhair see Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma
Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma (b. c. 520-d. c. 609). Pre-Islamic Arab poet. Along with Imru’ al-Qays ibn Hujr and al-Nabigha al-Dhubyani, Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma is considered one of the great poets of the pre-Islamic period.
Zuhayr, also Zuhair, full name Zuhayr ibn Abî Sûlmâ, belonged to the Muzaynah tribe. His father was a poet. His elder son, Ka'b bin Zuhayr, was also a poet and read poems to Muhammad.
His poems can be found in Hammad Ar-Rawiya's anthology, the Mu'allaqat ("the Suspended"), a collection of pre-Islamic poetry. He was one of the Seven Hanged Poets who were reputed to have been honored by hanging copies of their work in the Kaaba at Mecca. He was Umar ibn Khattab's favorite poet.
Zuhayr's poetry was written when two Bedouin tribes ended a longstanding hostility. His poems deal with raids and other subjects of nomadic desert life. He also wrote satirical poems and poems about the glory of his tribe, but in his verses he was less satiric than most of his brother poets. He strove to express deep thoughts in simple words, to be clear and by his clear phrases to teach his people high and noble ideas. He was a man of rank and wealth, the foremost of a family noted for their poetic skill and religious earnestness. In brief, Zuhayr was the gentleman-philosopher among pre-Islamic Arab poets.
Although Zuhayr was from the Muzaynah tribe, he lived among the Ghaṭafān. Zuhayr’s father was a poet, his first wife the sister of a poet, and two of his sons were poets. The elder son, Kaʿb, is famous for the poem he recited for the Prophet Muhammad, thereby signalling his acceptance of Islam. Zuhayr’s poem in Al-Muʿallaqāt praises the men who brought peace between the clans of ʿAbs and Dhubyān. In the poem, war is compared to a millstone that grinds those who set it moving, and the poet speaks as one who from a long life has learned humankind’s need for morality. Zuhayr’s extant poetry, available in several Arabic editions, includes other poems of praise and satires.
Zuhayr see Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma
Zuhair see Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma
Zuhri, Muhammad ibn Muslim al-
Zuhri, Muhammad ibn Muslim al- (Muhammad ibn Muslim al-Zuhri) (Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn Ubaydullah ibn Shihab al-Zuhri)(Abu Shihab) (d. 741/2). Celebrated traditionist. He collected a great amount of hadith and is described as the first to fix hadith in writing. He also dealt with chronology, was a critic of poetry and was one of the chief authorities for the biography of the Prophet Muhammad, written by his pupil, Ibn Ishaq.
Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn Ubaydullah ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, usually called simply Ibn Shihab or al-Zuhri, was if not the founder of Islamic scholarship, then its earliest luminary.
As a youth, al-Zuhri left his home in Madinah (Medina), went to Damascus to seek his fortune and was recruited into the administration of the Caliph, Abd al-Malik. The Caliph observed that al-Zuhri's father had supported Ibn al-Zubayr against him in the then recent civil war. However, the Caliph'a policy toward the Zubayrites was reconciliation and his father's politics were not held against him.
Abd al-Malik died in 705 but al-Zuhri continued to serve the Umayyid court for the rest of his life. He died in AH 124 (741–2).
Some accuse al-Zuhri of having flattered the Umayyads. He taught the son of Caliph Hisham (died AH 125/743). but this did not mean that he supported the Umayyads uncritically. His relationship with the heir to the caliphate, Walid (who ruled for one year after al-Zuhri's death) was so bad that Walid was only restrained from killing him by the Caliph's intervention.
Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri is regarded as one of the greatest Sunni authorities on Hadith. The leading critics of Hadith such as Ibn al-Madini, Ibn Hibban, Abu Hatim, Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani are all agreed upon his indisputable authority. He received hadith from many Sahaba (Companions) and numerous scholars among the first and second generations after the Companions narrated from him.
Muhammad ibn Muslim al-Zuhri see Zuhri, Muhammad ibn Muslim al-
Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn Ubaydullah ibn Shihab al-Zuhri see Zuhri, Muhammad ibn Muslim al-
Abu Shihab see Zuhri, Muhammad ibn Muslim al-
Ibn Shihab see Zuhri, Muhammad ibn Muslim al-
Zuhri, al- see Zuhri, Muhammad ibn Muslim al-
Zuhri, Muhammad ibn Muslim al- (Muhammad ibn Muslim al-Zuhri) (Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn Ubaydullah ibn Shihab al-Zuhri)(Abu Shihab) (d. 741/2). Celebrated traditionist. He collected a great amount of hadith and is described as the first to fix hadith in writing. He also dealt with chronology, was a critic of poetry and was one of the chief authorities for the biography of the Prophet Muhammad, written by his pupil, Ibn Ishaq.
Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn Ubaydullah ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, usually called simply Ibn Shihab or al-Zuhri, was if not the founder of Islamic scholarship, then its earliest luminary.
As a youth, al-Zuhri left his home in Madinah (Medina), went to Damascus to seek his fortune and was recruited into the administration of the Caliph, Abd al-Malik. The Caliph observed that al-Zuhri's father had supported Ibn al-Zubayr against him in the then recent civil war. However, the Caliph'a policy toward the Zubayrites was reconciliation and his father's politics were not held against him.
Abd al-Malik died in 705 but al-Zuhri continued to serve the Umayyid court for the rest of his life. He died in AH 124 (741–2).
Some accuse al-Zuhri of having flattered the Umayyads. He taught the son of Caliph Hisham (died AH 125/743). but this did not mean that he supported the Umayyads uncritically. His relationship with the heir to the caliphate, Walid (who ruled for one year after al-Zuhri's death) was so bad that Walid was only restrained from killing him by the Caliph's intervention.
Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri is regarded as one of the greatest Sunni authorities on Hadith. The leading critics of Hadith such as Ibn al-Madini, Ibn Hibban, Abu Hatim, Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani are all agreed upon his indisputable authority. He received hadith from many Sahaba (Companions) and numerous scholars among the first and second generations after the Companions narrated from him.
Muhammad ibn Muslim al-Zuhri see Zuhri, Muhammad ibn Muslim al-
Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn Ubaydullah ibn Shihab al-Zuhri see Zuhri, Muhammad ibn Muslim al-
Abu Shihab see Zuhri, Muhammad ibn Muslim al-
Ibn Shihab see Zuhri, Muhammad ibn Muslim al-
Zuhri, al- see Zuhri, Muhammad ibn Muslim al-
Zuhuri, Nur al-Din Muhammad
Zuhuri, Nur al-Din Muhammad (Nur al-Din Muhammad Zuhuri) (d. 1615). Persian poet of the school of Herat. His poetry is admired in India where he lived for a long time.
Nur al-Din Muhammad Zuhuri see Zuhuri, Nur al-Din Muhammad
Zuray‘ids Zuray‘ids (Banu’l-Karam). Dynasty from Aden, which was in power in Yemen from 1138 until the arrival of the Ayyubids in 1174.
Banu'l-Karam see Zuray‘ids
Banu'l-Karam see Zuray‘ids
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