Tursun Beg
Tursun Beg (Lebibi). Ottoman historian of the sixteenth century. He wrote a history of the reign of Muhammad II and of the first years of his successor Bayezid II.
Lebibi see Tursun Beg
Tursun Beg (Lebibi). Ottoman historian of the sixteenth century. He wrote a history of the reign of Muhammad II and of the first years of his successor Bayezid II.
Lebibi see Tursun Beg
Tusi, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-
Tusi, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al- (Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tusi) (995-1067). Shi‘a scholar. He studied with Shaykh al-Mufid and al-Sayyid al-Murtada. Public agitation drove him from Baghdad to al-Najaf, where he died. He wrote a commentary on the Qur’an, and works on hadith, Shi‘a law and creed, and on prayers and pious rites. He is considered as one of the great Shi‘a scholars.
Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tusi see Tusi, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-
Tusi, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al- (Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tusi) (995-1067). Shi‘a scholar. He studied with Shaykh al-Mufid and al-Sayyid al-Murtada. Public agitation drove him from Baghdad to al-Najaf, where he died. He wrote a commentary on the Qur’an, and works on hadith, Shi‘a law and creed, and on prayers and pious rites. He is considered as one of the great Shi‘a scholars.
Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tusi see Tusi, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-
Tusi, Nasir al-Din Abu Ja‘far al-
Tusi, Nasir al-Din Abu Ja‘far al- (Nasir al-Din Abu Ja‘far al-Tusi) (Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Nasir al-Din al-Tusi) (Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṭūsī) (b. February 18, 1201, Ṭūs, Khorasan – d. June 26, 1274, al-Kāżimiyyah, Baghdad). Astronomer and Shi‘a politician. In 1256, he lured the Assassin leader Rukn al-Din Khurshah into the hands of the Il-Khan Hulegu, accompanied the latter to Baghdad and founded the observatory of Maragha. He had a strong sympathy with the Twelver Shi‘a, to whom a certain degree of mercy was shown during the Mongol holocaust and whose sanctuaries were spared. He wrote on dogmatics, logic and philosophy, law and belles-lettres, and above all on the sciences, in particular on astronomy.
Al-Tusi was one of the greatest scientists, mathematicians, astronomers, philosophers, theologians and physicians of his time. He was a prolific writer. He wrote many treatises on such varied subjects as algebra, arithmetic, trigonometry, geometry, logic, metaphysics, medicine, ethics, and theology.
Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was born in Tus, Khurasan (present day Iran) in 1201. He studied sciences and philosophy under the tutelage of Kamal al-Din ibn Yunus. Al-Tusi was kidnapped by the Isma‘ili Hasan ibn Sabah’s agents and sent to Alamut where he remained until its capture by the Mongol Hulegu Khan in 1256.
Impressed by al-Tusi’s exceptional abilities and astrological competency, Il-Khanid Hulegu Khan appointed him as one of his ministers. Later, he served as an administrator of Auqaf. In 1262, he built an observatory at Meragha and directed its activity. It was equipped with the best instruments from Baghdad and other Islamic centers of learning. It contained a twelve foot wall quadrant made from copper and an azimuth quadrant and turquet invented by al-Tusi. Other instruments included astrolabes, representations of constellation, epicycles and shapes of spheres. Al-Tusi designed several other instruments for the observatory.
Al-Tusi produced a very accurate table of planetary movements and a star catalogue, and he published it under the title al-Zij Ilkhani which was dedicated to the Ilkhan, Hulegu Khan. The tables were developed from observations over a twelve-year period and were primarily based on original observations. Al-Tusi calculated the value of 51 feet for the precession of equinoxes. Al-Tusi was among the first of several Muslim astronomers who pointed out several serious shortcomings in Ptolemy’s models based on mechanical principles and modified it. His critique on the Ptolemy’s theories convinced future astronomers of the need to develop an alternative model ending in Copernicus’ famous work. The al-Zij Ilkhani was the most popular book among astronomers until fifteenth century. His memoir on astronomy entitled Tadhkira fi Ilm al-Hayy, includes his ingenious device for generating rectilinear motion along the diameter of the outer circle from two circular motions. At the end of his long outstanding career, he moved to Baghdad and died within a year in 1274 in Kadhimain (near Baghdad, in present day Iraq).
Al-Tusi pioneered spherical trigonometry which includes six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles. One of his most important mathematical contributions was the treatment of trigonometry as a new mathematical discipline. He wrote on binomial coefficients which Pascal later introduced.
Al-Tusi revived the philosophy of Ibn Sina. His book Akhlaq-i-Nasri (Nasirean Ethics) was regarded as the most important book on ethics and was popular for centuries. Al-Tusi’s Tajrid-al-‘Aqaid was an excellent work on Islamic scholastic philosophy. He also composed a few verses of poetry.
Al-Tusi was a prolific writer. He wrote his works in Arabic and Persian. Sixty-four treatises are known to have survived. Al-Tusi’s works were translated into Latin and other European languages in the Middle Ages. Al-Tusi’s book Shaq al-Qatta was translated into Latin by the title Figura Cata. Among al-Tusi’s well-known students are Nizam al-Araj, who wrote a commentary on the Almagest, and Qutb ad-Din ash-Shirazi, who gave the first satisfactory mathematical explanation of the rainbow.
Nasir al-Din Abu Ja'far al-Tusi see Tusi, Nasir al-Din Abu Ja‘far al-
Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Nasir al-Din al-Tusi see Tusi, Nasir al-Din Abu Ja‘far al-Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṭūsī see Tusi, Nasir al-Din Abu Ja‘far al-
Tusi, Nasir al-Din Abu Ja‘far al- (Nasir al-Din Abu Ja‘far al-Tusi) (Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Nasir al-Din al-Tusi) (Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṭūsī) (b. February 18, 1201, Ṭūs, Khorasan – d. June 26, 1274, al-Kāżimiyyah, Baghdad). Astronomer and Shi‘a politician. In 1256, he lured the Assassin leader Rukn al-Din Khurshah into the hands of the Il-Khan Hulegu, accompanied the latter to Baghdad and founded the observatory of Maragha. He had a strong sympathy with the Twelver Shi‘a, to whom a certain degree of mercy was shown during the Mongol holocaust and whose sanctuaries were spared. He wrote on dogmatics, logic and philosophy, law and belles-lettres, and above all on the sciences, in particular on astronomy.
Al-Tusi was one of the greatest scientists, mathematicians, astronomers, philosophers, theologians and physicians of his time. He was a prolific writer. He wrote many treatises on such varied subjects as algebra, arithmetic, trigonometry, geometry, logic, metaphysics, medicine, ethics, and theology.
Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was born in Tus, Khurasan (present day Iran) in 1201. He studied sciences and philosophy under the tutelage of Kamal al-Din ibn Yunus. Al-Tusi was kidnapped by the Isma‘ili Hasan ibn Sabah’s agents and sent to Alamut where he remained until its capture by the Mongol Hulegu Khan in 1256.
Impressed by al-Tusi’s exceptional abilities and astrological competency, Il-Khanid Hulegu Khan appointed him as one of his ministers. Later, he served as an administrator of Auqaf. In 1262, he built an observatory at Meragha and directed its activity. It was equipped with the best instruments from Baghdad and other Islamic centers of learning. It contained a twelve foot wall quadrant made from copper and an azimuth quadrant and turquet invented by al-Tusi. Other instruments included astrolabes, representations of constellation, epicycles and shapes of spheres. Al-Tusi designed several other instruments for the observatory.
Al-Tusi produced a very accurate table of planetary movements and a star catalogue, and he published it under the title al-Zij Ilkhani which was dedicated to the Ilkhan, Hulegu Khan. The tables were developed from observations over a twelve-year period and were primarily based on original observations. Al-Tusi calculated the value of 51 feet for the precession of equinoxes. Al-Tusi was among the first of several Muslim astronomers who pointed out several serious shortcomings in Ptolemy’s models based on mechanical principles and modified it. His critique on the Ptolemy’s theories convinced future astronomers of the need to develop an alternative model ending in Copernicus’ famous work. The al-Zij Ilkhani was the most popular book among astronomers until fifteenth century. His memoir on astronomy entitled Tadhkira fi Ilm al-Hayy, includes his ingenious device for generating rectilinear motion along the diameter of the outer circle from two circular motions. At the end of his long outstanding career, he moved to Baghdad and died within a year in 1274 in Kadhimain (near Baghdad, in present day Iraq).
Al-Tusi pioneered spherical trigonometry which includes six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles. One of his most important mathematical contributions was the treatment of trigonometry as a new mathematical discipline. He wrote on binomial coefficients which Pascal later introduced.
Al-Tusi revived the philosophy of Ibn Sina. His book Akhlaq-i-Nasri (Nasirean Ethics) was regarded as the most important book on ethics and was popular for centuries. Al-Tusi’s Tajrid-al-‘Aqaid was an excellent work on Islamic scholastic philosophy. He also composed a few verses of poetry.
Al-Tusi was a prolific writer. He wrote his works in Arabic and Persian. Sixty-four treatises are known to have survived. Al-Tusi’s works were translated into Latin and other European languages in the Middle Ages. Al-Tusi’s book Shaq al-Qatta was translated into Latin by the title Figura Cata. Among al-Tusi’s well-known students are Nizam al-Araj, who wrote a commentary on the Almagest, and Qutb ad-Din ash-Shirazi, who gave the first satisfactory mathematical explanation of the rainbow.
Nasir al-Din Abu Ja'far al-Tusi see Tusi, Nasir al-Din Abu Ja‘far al-
Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Nasir al-Din al-Tusi see Tusi, Nasir al-Din Abu Ja‘far al-Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṭūsī see Tusi, Nasir al-Din Abu Ja‘far al-
Tutush ibn Alp Arslan, Taj al-Dawla
Tutush ibn Alp Arslan, Taj al-Dawla (Taj al-Dawla Tutush ibn Alp Arslan) (Tutush I) (Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I) (1058-1095). Saljuq ruler of Syria (r.1079-1095). Syria was allotted to him by his brother the Great Saljuq Malik-Shah I. He had to fight the Turkmen Atsiz who had taken the whole of Palestine including Jerusalem from the Fatimids, who however continued to claim the country. While making conquests around Aleppo, the ‘Uqaylid Muslim ibn Quraysh drove the Mirdasids out of the town and got his rule recognized by Malik Shah. Muslim ibn Quraysh fell in a battle with Sulayman ibn Qutlumish, the founder of the Rum Saljuqs, who now became Tutush’s rival for Aleppo. After Sulayman’s death, Malik Shah gave the town to the amir Aqsunqur, and Edessa to the amir Buzan. Together with them, Tutush made notable conquests in Syria. After the sudden death of Malik Shah, the amirs had to pay homage to Tutush, and supported him in the conquest of Nisibis, Diyarbakr, Mayyafariqin and Mosul. When Malik Shah’s son Berkyaruq came forward as his father’s rightful heir, the amirs joined him. They were defeated by Tutush in 1094, but the latter was conquered by Berkyaruq in 1095. Aleppo then passed to Ridwan, and Damascus to Duqaq, both sons of Tutush.
Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I was the Seljuk ruler (probably sultan or emir) of Damascus from 1079 to 1095, succeeding Abaaq al-Khwarazmi. He took control of Syria in 1085 from his brother, the Great Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah I, but lost it in 1086, only to recapture it in 1094. After his death in 1095, his younger son Duqaq inherited Damascus, causing Duqaq's older brother Radwan to revolt, splitting their father's realm.
Taj al-Dawla Tutush ibn Alp Arslan see Tutush ibn Alp Arslan, Taj al-Dawla
Tutush I see Tutush ibn Alp Arslan, Taj al-Dawla
Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I see Tutush ibn Alp Arslan, Taj al-Dawla
Tutush ibn Alp Arslan, Taj al-Dawla (Taj al-Dawla Tutush ibn Alp Arslan) (Tutush I) (Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I) (1058-1095). Saljuq ruler of Syria (r.1079-1095). Syria was allotted to him by his brother the Great Saljuq Malik-Shah I. He had to fight the Turkmen Atsiz who had taken the whole of Palestine including Jerusalem from the Fatimids, who however continued to claim the country. While making conquests around Aleppo, the ‘Uqaylid Muslim ibn Quraysh drove the Mirdasids out of the town and got his rule recognized by Malik Shah. Muslim ibn Quraysh fell in a battle with Sulayman ibn Qutlumish, the founder of the Rum Saljuqs, who now became Tutush’s rival for Aleppo. After Sulayman’s death, Malik Shah gave the town to the amir Aqsunqur, and Edessa to the amir Buzan. Together with them, Tutush made notable conquests in Syria. After the sudden death of Malik Shah, the amirs had to pay homage to Tutush, and supported him in the conquest of Nisibis, Diyarbakr, Mayyafariqin and Mosul. When Malik Shah’s son Berkyaruq came forward as his father’s rightful heir, the amirs joined him. They were defeated by Tutush in 1094, but the latter was conquered by Berkyaruq in 1095. Aleppo then passed to Ridwan, and Damascus to Duqaq, both sons of Tutush.
Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I was the Seljuk ruler (probably sultan or emir) of Damascus from 1079 to 1095, succeeding Abaaq al-Khwarazmi. He took control of Syria in 1085 from his brother, the Great Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah I, but lost it in 1086, only to recapture it in 1094. After his death in 1095, his younger son Duqaq inherited Damascus, causing Duqaq's older brother Radwan to revolt, splitting their father's realm.
Taj al-Dawla Tutush ibn Alp Arslan see Tutush ibn Alp Arslan, Taj al-Dawla
Tutush I see Tutush ibn Alp Arslan, Taj al-Dawla
Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I see Tutush ibn Alp Arslan, Taj al-Dawla
Twelvers
Twelvers. See Ithna-‘ashari.
Twelvers. See Ithna-‘ashari.
Tyabji, Badruddin
Tyabji, Badruddin (Badaruddin Taiyabji) (Tyab Ali) (1844-1906). Indian lawyer, politician, and jurist. An adherent of the Sulaimani Bohras, a small Isma’ili sect, Tyabji was the most prominent of the many members of the Tyabji-Fyzee clan who distinguished themselves at the Bombay Bar. The Tyabjis were socially and religiously “liberal” and deeply involved in the civic associations of nineteenth century Bombay. Before his appointment as a justice of the Bombay High Court in 1895 ended his public political career, Tyabji was one of the few Muslim leaders to involve himself seriously in the Indian National Congress, serving as its president from 1887 to 1888. He engaged in a lengthy debate with Sayyid Ahmad Khan and AmirAli over whether Muslims should stay out of the Congress. His support of the organization was, however, qualified. He believed that its role should be limited to the discussion of topics on which Hindus and Muslims completely agreed.
Badruddin Tyabji was the third President of the Indian National Congress. He was succeeded by George Yule. He was born on October 10, 1844 in Bombay (now Mumbai), India. He was the son of Mullah Tyab Ali Bhai Mian, a Sulaimani Bohra, and a scion of an old Cambay emigrant Arab family.
He passed the London Matriculation and joined the Middle Temple. He became the first Indian Barrister in Bombay in April 1867. He accepted a Judgeship of the Bombay High Court in 1895. In 1902, he became the first Indian to hold the post of Chief Justice in Bombay.
Badruddin Tyabji see Tyabji, Badruddin
Tyabji, Badruddin (Badaruddin Taiyabji) (Tyab Ali) (1844-1906). Indian lawyer, politician, and jurist. An adherent of the Sulaimani Bohras, a small Isma’ili sect, Tyabji was the most prominent of the many members of the Tyabji-Fyzee clan who distinguished themselves at the Bombay Bar. The Tyabjis were socially and religiously “liberal” and deeply involved in the civic associations of nineteenth century Bombay. Before his appointment as a justice of the Bombay High Court in 1895 ended his public political career, Tyabji was one of the few Muslim leaders to involve himself seriously in the Indian National Congress, serving as its president from 1887 to 1888. He engaged in a lengthy debate with Sayyid Ahmad Khan and AmirAli over whether Muslims should stay out of the Congress. His support of the organization was, however, qualified. He believed that its role should be limited to the discussion of topics on which Hindus and Muslims completely agreed.
Badruddin Tyabji was the third President of the Indian National Congress. He was succeeded by George Yule. He was born on October 10, 1844 in Bombay (now Mumbai), India. He was the son of Mullah Tyab Ali Bhai Mian, a Sulaimani Bohra, and a scion of an old Cambay emigrant Arab family.
He passed the London Matriculation and joined the Middle Temple. He became the first Indian Barrister in Bombay in April 1867. He accepted a Judgeship of the Bombay High Court in 1895. In 1902, he became the first Indian to hold the post of Chief Justice in Bombay.
Badruddin Tyabji see Tyabji, Badruddin
Tyeddo
Tyeddo. Term which refers to the name of the warrior elite in Senegambia.
Tyeddo. Term which refers to the name of the warrior elite in Senegambia.
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