‘Abd al-Karim al-Jili
‘Abd al-Karim al-Jili ('Abd-al-karim Jili) (1365-c.1424). Mystic who lived in Zabid and visited India. Among other works, ‘Abd al-Karim wrote The Perfect Man (also known as Universal Man -- al-Insan al-Kamil) in which he shows himself an adherent of Ibn al-‘Arabi. 'Abd al-Karim al-Jili is the foremost synthesizer and one of the greatest exponents of the work of Ibn Arabi. His book, The Perfect Man, is an explanation of Ibn Arabi's teachings on the structure of reality and human perfection. 'Abd al-Karim al-Jili conceived of the Absolute Being as a Self, a line of thinking which later influenced the 20th century Indian Muslim philosopher and poet Allama Iqbal. The Perfect Man is considered to be one of the masterpieces of Sufi literature.
Jili, 'Abd al-Karim al- see ‘Abd al-Karim al-Jili
‘Abd al-Karim al-Jili ('Abd-al-karim Jili) (1365-c.1424). Mystic who lived in Zabid and visited India. Among other works, ‘Abd al-Karim wrote The Perfect Man (also known as Universal Man -- al-Insan al-Kamil) in which he shows himself an adherent of Ibn al-‘Arabi. 'Abd al-Karim al-Jili is the foremost synthesizer and one of the greatest exponents of the work of Ibn Arabi. His book, The Perfect Man, is an explanation of Ibn Arabi's teachings on the structure of reality and human perfection. 'Abd al-Karim al-Jili conceived of the Absolute Being as a Self, a line of thinking which later influenced the 20th century Indian Muslim philosopher and poet Allama Iqbal. The Perfect Man is considered to be one of the masterpieces of Sufi literature.
Jili, 'Abd al-Karim al- see ‘Abd al-Karim al-Jili
‘Abdallah
‘Abdallah. See 'Abdullah ibn Husein.
Amir ‘Abdallah see ‘Abdallah.
'Abdullah I see ‘Abdallah.
'Abdullah ibn Husayn see ‘Abdallah.
'Abdullah ibn Husein see ‘Abdallah.
‘Abdallah. See 'Abdullah ibn Husein.
Amir ‘Abdallah see ‘Abdallah.
'Abdullah I see ‘Abdallah.
'Abdullah ibn Husayn see ‘Abdallah.
'Abdullah ibn Husein see ‘Abdallah.
‘Abd Allah al-Ghalib bi-’llah
‘Abd Allah al-Ghalib bi-’llah ('Abdallah al-Ghalib Billah) (1517-1574). Sultan of the Sa‘did dynasty in Morocco from 1557 to 1574 who sought an alliance with the Spanish against the Ottomans. 'Abdallah was forty years old when he became sultan and received the name Ghalib Billah. Before that he had been vice-king of Marrakesh and governor of Fez. During a relatively peaceful reign 'Abdallah succeeded in warding off both the Spanish and the Turks and in consolidating the sovereignty of Sadians over Morocco. He fought the invading Turks in 1558 near the Oued Leben and drove them out of the country. After his victory, he even occupied Tlemcen for a short period. In 1568, he supported the insurrection of the moriscos in Spain. 'Abdallah died on January 22, 1574 of an asthma attack. After his reign a period of civil war was to follow that lasted four years.
Ghalib bi-'llah, 'Abd Allah al- see ‘Abd Allah al-Ghalib bi-’llah
'Abdallah al-Ghalib Billah see ‘Abd Allah al-Ghalib bi-’llah
Billah, 'Abdallah al-Ghalib see ‘Abd Allah al-Ghalib bi-’llah
‘Abd Allah al-Ghalib bi-’llah ('Abdallah al-Ghalib Billah) (1517-1574). Sultan of the Sa‘did dynasty in Morocco from 1557 to 1574 who sought an alliance with the Spanish against the Ottomans. 'Abdallah was forty years old when he became sultan and received the name Ghalib Billah. Before that he had been vice-king of Marrakesh and governor of Fez. During a relatively peaceful reign 'Abdallah succeeded in warding off both the Spanish and the Turks and in consolidating the sovereignty of Sadians over Morocco. He fought the invading Turks in 1558 near the Oued Leben and drove them out of the country. After his victory, he even occupied Tlemcen for a short period. In 1568, he supported the insurrection of the moriscos in Spain. 'Abdallah died on January 22, 1574 of an asthma attack. After his reign a period of civil war was to follow that lasted four years.
Ghalib bi-'llah, 'Abd Allah al- see ‘Abd Allah al-Ghalib bi-’llah
'Abdallah al-Ghalib Billah see ‘Abd Allah al-Ghalib bi-’llah
Billah, 'Abdallah al-Ghalib see ‘Abd Allah al-Ghalib bi-’llah
‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir
‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir ('Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir) (Munshi 'Abdullah) (1797-1854). Innovative Malay author whose principal work is his Memoirs (Hikayat Abdullah -- "Story of Abdullah"), in which he emphasized the advantages of a European administration over an Indian one, even though he sharply criticized the administrative measures of the English and the Dutch. 'Abdullah was the first Malay writer to depart from the traditional Malay literary style by writing in the colloquial language. Unlike courtly writing, 'Abdullah's writing was realistic and lively, incorporating many Malay idioms and proverbs. His Hikayat Abdullah was written between 1840 and 1843 and was published in 1849. It is an important source of the early history of Singapore soon after it was founded by Raffles. His other major work, Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah -- "The Tale of Abdullah's Voyage", describes 'Abdullah's experiences on a trip from Singapore to Kelantan in 1838. Munshi ("teacher" or "educator") 'Abdullah was the first local Malay to have his works published. For his early literary contributions, he is regarded as "Father of Modern Malay Literature."
'Abdullah set out for a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1854. However, he died in October of that year, apparently of plague.
Munshi see ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir
Munshi 'Abdullah see ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir
'Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir see ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir
"Father of Modern Malay Literature" see ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir
‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir ('Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir) (Munshi 'Abdullah) (1797-1854). Innovative Malay author whose principal work is his Memoirs (Hikayat Abdullah -- "Story of Abdullah"), in which he emphasized the advantages of a European administration over an Indian one, even though he sharply criticized the administrative measures of the English and the Dutch. 'Abdullah was the first Malay writer to depart from the traditional Malay literary style by writing in the colloquial language. Unlike courtly writing, 'Abdullah's writing was realistic and lively, incorporating many Malay idioms and proverbs. His Hikayat Abdullah was written between 1840 and 1843 and was published in 1849. It is an important source of the early history of Singapore soon after it was founded by Raffles. His other major work, Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah -- "The Tale of Abdullah's Voyage", describes 'Abdullah's experiences on a trip from Singapore to Kelantan in 1838. Munshi ("teacher" or "educator") 'Abdullah was the first local Malay to have his works published. For his early literary contributions, he is regarded as "Father of Modern Malay Literature."
'Abdullah set out for a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1854. However, he died in October of that year, apparently of plague.
Munshi see ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir
Munshi 'Abdullah see ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir
'Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir see ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir
"Father of Modern Malay Literature" see ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir
‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas
‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas (Ibn ‘Abbas) (619-687). Father of Qur’anic exegesis (commentary) and an ancestor of the ‘Abbasids. He gathered information about the Prophet by questioning the Prophet’s Companions. He was also one of the signatories of the treaty of Siffin, but later fell out favor with the fourth caliph ‘Ali. After the latters’ death, he established contact with the Umayyad caliph al-Mu‘awiya and opposed the anti-caliph ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr.
Ibn 'Abbas is considered to be the most knowledgeable of the Companions in tafsir -- Qur'anic commentary. He has been called tarjuman al-qur'an -- "interpreter of the Qur'an". Because he was related to the Prophet, being Muhammad's cousin, and his maternal aunt Maimuna being one of Muhammad's wives, Ibn 'Abbas was very close to the Prophet and learned much about the Prophet's revelation.
Ibn ‘Abbas see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas
'Abbas, 'Abd Allah ibn al- see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas
Father of Qur'anic Commentary see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas
Father of Qur'anic Exegesis see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas
Tarjuman al-Qur'an see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas
Interpreter of the Qur'an see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas
‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas (Ibn ‘Abbas) (619-687). Father of Qur’anic exegesis (commentary) and an ancestor of the ‘Abbasids. He gathered information about the Prophet by questioning the Prophet’s Companions. He was also one of the signatories of the treaty of Siffin, but later fell out favor with the fourth caliph ‘Ali. After the latters’ death, he established contact with the Umayyad caliph al-Mu‘awiya and opposed the anti-caliph ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr.
Ibn 'Abbas is considered to be the most knowledgeable of the Companions in tafsir -- Qur'anic commentary. He has been called tarjuman al-qur'an -- "interpreter of the Qur'an". Because he was related to the Prophet, being Muhammad's cousin, and his maternal aunt Maimuna being one of Muhammad's wives, Ibn 'Abbas was very close to the Prophet and learned much about the Prophet's revelation.
Ibn ‘Abbas see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas
'Abbas, 'Abd Allah ibn al- see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas
Father of Qur'anic Commentary see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas
Father of Qur'anic Exegesis see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas
Tarjuman al-Qur'an see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas
Interpreter of the Qur'an see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas
‘Abd Allah ibn al-Husayn
‘Abd Allah ibn al-Husayn ('Abdullah ibn al-Husayn). See 'Abdullah ibn Husein.
'Abdullah ibn al-Husayn see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Husayn
‘Abd Allah ibn al-Husayn ('Abdullah ibn al-Husayn). See 'Abdullah ibn Husein.
'Abdullah ibn al-Husayn see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Husayn
‘Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
‘Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (‘Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr) (624-692). Anti-caliph and a challenger to the Umayyads from 683 to 692. Upon Mu‘awiya’s death in 680, ‘Abd Allah, together with the Prophet’s grandson Husayn, refused allegiance to caliph Yazid at Damascus and fled to Mecca, where ‘Abd Allah proclaimed himself Commander of the Believers (amir al-mu'minin), the title adopted by ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab on his election as caliph in 634. After a six months’ siege, during which the Ka‘ba came under bombardment, Mecca was taken by Yazid’s general al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf in 692 and ‘Abd Allah was slain.
‘Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
‘Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (‘Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr) (624-692). Anti-caliph and a challenger to the Umayyads from 683 to 692. Upon Mu‘awiya’s death in 680, ‘Abd Allah, together with the Prophet’s grandson Husayn, refused allegiance to caliph Yazid at Damascus and fled to Mecca, where ‘Abd Allah proclaimed himself Commander of the Believers (amir al-mu'minin), the title adopted by ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab on his election as caliph in 634. After a six months’ siege, during which the Ka‘ba came under bombardment, Mecca was taken by Yazid’s general al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf in 692 and ‘Abd Allah was slain.
‘Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr see ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
‘Abd Allah ibn Buluggin ibn Badis
‘Abd Allah ibn Buluggin ibn Badis (b. 1056). Ruler of the Zirid dynasty in Granada from 1064 to 1090 whose reign was marked by armed conflicts with his Muslim neighbors and by compromises with Alfonso VI, king of Castile. He is also known for his Memoirs.
‘Abd Allah ibn Buluggin ibn Badis (b. 1056). Ruler of the Zirid dynasty in Granada from 1064 to 1090 whose reign was marked by armed conflicts with his Muslim neighbors and by compromises with Alfonso VI, king of Castile. He is also known for his Memoirs.
‘Abd Allah ibn Hammam al-Saluli
‘Abd Allah ibn Hammam al-Saluli (d. after 715). Arab poet who played a political role under the Umayyads. He had contacts with the Kharijite agitator al-Mukhtar ibn ‘Awf and with the anti-caliph ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr.
‘Abd Allah ibn Hammam al-Saluli (d. after 715). Arab poet who played a political role under the Umayyads. He had contacts with the Kharijite agitator al-Mukhtar ibn ‘Awf and with the anti-caliph ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr.
‘Abd Allah ibn Hanzala al-Ansari
‘Abd Allah ibn Hanzala al-Ansari (d. 683). Leader of the revolt at Medina against the Umayyad caliph al-Yazid I.
‘Abd Allah ibn Hanzala al-Ansari (d. 683). Leader of the revolt at Medina against the Umayyad caliph al-Yazid I.
‘Abd Allah ibn Iskandar
‘Abd Allah ibn Iskandar (‘Abd Allah II ibn Iskandar) (Abd Allah Khan ibn Iskandar) (b. 1533). Greatest ruler of the Shaybanid dynasty from 1557 to 1598. In 1557, he conquered Bukhara and ruled from there as khan of all Ozbegs. He subjugated Balkh, Samarqand, Tashkent, Farghana, West Khurasan, Gilan and Khwarazm. The strengthening of the central government was accompanied by new economic measures; the construction of irrigation canals and numerous public buildings, the improvement of roads, and monetary reforms that contributed to the development of commerce.
‘Abd Allah II ibn Iskandar see ‘Abd Allah ibn Iskandar
Abd Allah Khan ibn Iskandar see ‘Abd Allah ibn Iskandar
‘Abd Allah ibn Iskandar (‘Abd Allah II ibn Iskandar) (Abd Allah Khan ibn Iskandar) (b. 1533). Greatest ruler of the Shaybanid dynasty from 1557 to 1598. In 1557, he conquered Bukhara and ruled from there as khan of all Ozbegs. He subjugated Balkh, Samarqand, Tashkent, Farghana, West Khurasan, Gilan and Khwarazm. The strengthening of the central government was accompanied by new economic measures; the construction of irrigation canals and numerous public buildings, the improvement of roads, and monetary reforms that contributed to the development of commerce.
‘Abd Allah II ibn Iskandar see ‘Abd Allah ibn Iskandar
Abd Allah Khan ibn Iskandar see ‘Abd Allah ibn Iskandar
‘Abd Allah ibn Isma‘il
‘Abd Allah ibn Isma‘il. Filali Sharif of Morocco from 1729 to 1757 whose reign was several times interrupted in a period marred by internal strife.
‘Abd Allah ibn Isma‘il. Filali Sharif of Morocco from 1729 to 1757 whose reign was several times interrupted in a period marred by internal strife.
‘Abd Allah ibn Ja‘far ibn Abi Talib
‘Abd Allah ibn Ja‘far ibn Abi Talib (d. ca. 699). Nephew of the Prophet’s son-in-law ‘Ali. He was known for his generosity. 'Abd Allah ibn Ja'far married Zainab, 'Ali's daughter.
‘Abd Allah ibn Ja‘far ibn Abi Talib (d. ca. 699). Nephew of the Prophet’s son-in-law ‘Ali. He was known for his generosity. 'Abd Allah ibn Ja'far married Zainab, 'Ali's daughter.
‘Abd Allah ibn Mu'awiya
‘Abd Allah ibn Mu'awiya (d. 746). ‘Alid rebel. The great-grandson of Ja‘far, a brother of the Prophet’s son-in-law ‘Ali, he asserted that both the godhead and the prophetic office were united in his person. He ruled for a while in al-Jibal, Ahvaz, Fars, and Kirman, where the Kharijites and some ‘Abbasids, opponents of the caliph, joined him. Abu Muslim had him executed in Khurasan.
‘Abd Allah ibn Mu'awiya (d. 746). ‘Alid rebel. The great-grandson of Ja‘far, a brother of the Prophet’s son-in-law ‘Ali, he asserted that both the godhead and the prophetic office were united in his person. He ruled for a while in al-Jibal, Ahvaz, Fars, and Kirman, where the Kharijites and some ‘Abbasids, opponents of the caliph, joined him. Abu Muslim had him executed in Khurasan.
‘Abd Allah ibn Saba’
‘Abd Allah ibn Saba’ (Abdullah ibn Saba) (Ibn Sauda) (ca. 600). Reputed founder of the Shi‘a. It is not clear what historical person or persons lay behind this figure.
Abdullah ibn Saba, also known as Ibn Sauda (because his mother was a black Ethiopian), is an allegedly historical person whom some Wahhabi Sunnis state was a Jewish convert who laid the foundation for the later sect of the Shi'a.
Abdullah ibn Saba was originally from the city of Sana'a in Yemen. He was a Jewish rabbi who claimed a conversion to Islam. He moved to Kufa and started adversely criticizing the caliph's administration. From there he went to Egpyt where he founded an anti-othmanian sect to promote the interests of 'Ali. On account of his learing, he obtained great influence there, and formulated the doctrine that, just as every prophet had an assistant who afterward succeeded him, Muhammad's vizier was 'Ali, who had therefore been kept out of the caliphate by deceit. Abdullah ibn Sada was able to promote dissatisfaction with 'Uthman's government among his followers.
Tradition relates that when 'Ali ibn Abi Talib had assumed power, Ibn Saba became an adherent of the emerging Shi'a persuasion, and a strong supporter of 'Ali. He is the first one who introduced the concept of imamate for 'Ali. He called for the divinity of 'Ali. He initially did not openly preach these beliefs, but he later abandoned his secret and started a vigorous campaign. However, when Ibn Saba claimed that 'Ali is himself God by addressing him with the words, "Thou art Thou", 'Ali declared Ibn Saba a heretic; burned some of his followers ; and expelled Ibn Saba to Madain.
After 'Ali's assassination, Abdullah ibn Saba is said to have taught that 'Ali was not dead but rather alive, and had never been killed; that a part of the Deity was hidden in him; and that after a certain time he would return to fill the earth with justice. Until then the divine character of 'Ali was to remain hidden in the Imams, who temporarily filled his place. It is easy to see that the whole idea rests on that of the Messiah in combination with the legend of Elijah the prophet.
Abdullah ibn Saba see ‘Abd Allah ibn Saba’
Ibn Sauda see ‘Abd Allah ibn Saba’
‘Abd Allah ibn Saba’ (Abdullah ibn Saba) (Ibn Sauda) (ca. 600). Reputed founder of the Shi‘a. It is not clear what historical person or persons lay behind this figure.
Abdullah ibn Saba, also known as Ibn Sauda (because his mother was a black Ethiopian), is an allegedly historical person whom some Wahhabi Sunnis state was a Jewish convert who laid the foundation for the later sect of the Shi'a.
Abdullah ibn Saba was originally from the city of Sana'a in Yemen. He was a Jewish rabbi who claimed a conversion to Islam. He moved to Kufa and started adversely criticizing the caliph's administration. From there he went to Egpyt where he founded an anti-othmanian sect to promote the interests of 'Ali. On account of his learing, he obtained great influence there, and formulated the doctrine that, just as every prophet had an assistant who afterward succeeded him, Muhammad's vizier was 'Ali, who had therefore been kept out of the caliphate by deceit. Abdullah ibn Sada was able to promote dissatisfaction with 'Uthman's government among his followers.
Tradition relates that when 'Ali ibn Abi Talib had assumed power, Ibn Saba became an adherent of the emerging Shi'a persuasion, and a strong supporter of 'Ali. He is the first one who introduced the concept of imamate for 'Ali. He called for the divinity of 'Ali. He initially did not openly preach these beliefs, but he later abandoned his secret and started a vigorous campaign. However, when Ibn Saba claimed that 'Ali is himself God by addressing him with the words, "Thou art Thou", 'Ali declared Ibn Saba a heretic; burned some of his followers ; and expelled Ibn Saba to Madain.
After 'Ali's assassination, Abdullah ibn Saba is said to have taught that 'Ali was not dead but rather alive, and had never been killed; that a part of the Deity was hidden in him; and that after a certain time he would return to fill the earth with justice. Until then the divine character of 'Ali was to remain hidden in the Imams, who temporarily filled his place. It is easy to see that the whole idea rests on that of the Messiah in combination with the legend of Elijah the prophet.
Abdullah ibn Saba see ‘Abd Allah ibn Saba’
Ibn Sauda see ‘Abd Allah ibn Saba’
‘Abd Allah ibn Tahir
‘Abd Allah ibn Tahir (Abdullah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani) (798-844). Member of the Tahirid dynasty who was a poet, general and virtually the independent ruler of Khurasan, a man of wisdom and wide culture and an accomplished musician. He was the Tahirid governor of Khurasan from 828 until his death. He is perhaps the most famous of the Tahirids.
Abdullah's early career consisted of serving with his father Tahib ibn Husayn in pacifying the lands of the caliphate following the civil war between al-Amin and al-Ma'mun. He later succeeded his father as governor of Al-Jazira, with the task of defeating the rebel Nasr bin Shabath, and between 824 and 826 convinced Nasr to surrender. He was then sent to Egypt, where he successfully ended an uprising led by 'Abd Allah ibn al-Sari. He also recovered Alexandria, which had been seized by Andalusian Muslim refugees seven years before: following their expulsion, the refugees headed to Byzantine Crete, establishing Muslim rule there for the first time.
Although Abdullah had been made the governor of Khurasan following his brother's death in 828, he only arrived in Nishapur in 830. In the meantime, he had been busy fighting more revolts. He was assigned for a brief time in 829 to stop the Khurramite Babak, but then was given new orders by the caliph to move to Khurasan and stop the Kharijites. Abdullah's brother 'Ali acted as deputy governor of Khurasan until he was ready to take up residence in Nishapur.
During his reign as governor, Abdullah was occupied with affairs on both the eastern and western parts of his territories. In the east, he took steps to improving the strength of the Samanids, his vassals in Transoxiana. The Samanids were important, as they controlled the trade between Central Asia and the central caliphate, including the trade of Turkish slaves. Also in the east in 834, an Alid, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, revolted in Juzjan, but Abdullah's forces eventually managed to capture him.
In the west, meanwhile, Abdullah came into contact with the local ruler of Tabaristan, the Ispahbad Mazyar bin Qarin. As the ruler of the east, Abdullah claimed Tabaristan as a dependency and insisted that the tribute owed by Mazyar to the caliph should pass through him. Mazyar, however, was looking to expand his dominion and wanted to be free of Tahirid influence, so he refused to accept this and demanded that he be able to pay his tribute directly to the caliph. In this struggle, Mazyar had the support of the Afshin, who allegedly wanted to control the Tahirid lands himself. Abdullah was able to turn the caliph against Mazyar, and in 839 was ordered to stop the Ispahbad. Mazyar, a recent convert to Islam, heavily relied on the Zoroastrians on the province but in the end was captured, sent to Iraq and executed. Tahirid control over Tabaristan was therefore secured until the Zaydid revolt of 864.
Abdullah died in Nishapur around the end of 844. He was succeeded by his son, Tahir.
Abdullah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani see ‘Abd Allah ibn Tahir
‘Abd Allah ibn Tahir (Abdullah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani) (798-844). Member of the Tahirid dynasty who was a poet, general and virtually the independent ruler of Khurasan, a man of wisdom and wide culture and an accomplished musician. He was the Tahirid governor of Khurasan from 828 until his death. He is perhaps the most famous of the Tahirids.
Abdullah's early career consisted of serving with his father Tahib ibn Husayn in pacifying the lands of the caliphate following the civil war between al-Amin and al-Ma'mun. He later succeeded his father as governor of Al-Jazira, with the task of defeating the rebel Nasr bin Shabath, and between 824 and 826 convinced Nasr to surrender. He was then sent to Egypt, where he successfully ended an uprising led by 'Abd Allah ibn al-Sari. He also recovered Alexandria, which had been seized by Andalusian Muslim refugees seven years before: following their expulsion, the refugees headed to Byzantine Crete, establishing Muslim rule there for the first time.
Although Abdullah had been made the governor of Khurasan following his brother's death in 828, he only arrived in Nishapur in 830. In the meantime, he had been busy fighting more revolts. He was assigned for a brief time in 829 to stop the Khurramite Babak, but then was given new orders by the caliph to move to Khurasan and stop the Kharijites. Abdullah's brother 'Ali acted as deputy governor of Khurasan until he was ready to take up residence in Nishapur.
During his reign as governor, Abdullah was occupied with affairs on both the eastern and western parts of his territories. In the east, he took steps to improving the strength of the Samanids, his vassals in Transoxiana. The Samanids were important, as they controlled the trade between Central Asia and the central caliphate, including the trade of Turkish slaves. Also in the east in 834, an Alid, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, revolted in Juzjan, but Abdullah's forces eventually managed to capture him.
In the west, meanwhile, Abdullah came into contact with the local ruler of Tabaristan, the Ispahbad Mazyar bin Qarin. As the ruler of the east, Abdullah claimed Tabaristan as a dependency and insisted that the tribute owed by Mazyar to the caliph should pass through him. Mazyar, however, was looking to expand his dominion and wanted to be free of Tahirid influence, so he refused to accept this and demanded that he be able to pay his tribute directly to the caliph. In this struggle, Mazyar had the support of the Afshin, who allegedly wanted to control the Tahirid lands himself. Abdullah was able to turn the caliph against Mazyar, and in 839 was ordered to stop the Ispahbad. Mazyar, a recent convert to Islam, heavily relied on the Zoroastrians on the province but in the end was captured, sent to Iraq and executed. Tahirid control over Tabaristan was therefore secured until the Zaydid revolt of 864.
Abdullah died in Nishapur around the end of 844. He was succeeded by his son, Tahir.
Abdullah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani see ‘Abd Allah ibn Tahir
‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab
‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (ca. 614-693). Authorized transmitter of traditions and the son of the second caliph. He was a man of high moral qualities who refused three times to become caliph.
'Abd Allah ibn 'Umar was born to 'Umar ibn al-Khattab and his wife Zainab bint Mazaun Jamiah sometime around 614. Prior to his conversion to Islam, 'Umar had three wives. However, after he became Muslim only Zainab joined her husband in accepting the new faith. 'Abd Allah also accepted Islam at a young age, but he was not allowed to join Muhammad in battle until he was fifteen. The first battle he fought in was against the forces of Abu Sufyan during the Battle of the Trench, which occurred during 627.
When 'Ali ibn Abi Talib became caliph, 'Abd Allah refused to give him allegiance. Instead he moved from Medina to Mecca, saying he was going to perform Umrah (pilgrimage to Mecca at a time other than Hajj). After the assassination of Caliph 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, 'Abd Allah regretted having let 'Ali fend for himself in the dangerous political environment that had become prevalent. Because of 'Abd Allah's refusal to give allegiance to 'Ali, the Shi'a have a negative view of 'Abd Allah for downplaying 'Ali's role during Muhammad's time and giving support to Yazid ibn Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, the murderer of the grandson of Muhammad, Husayn ibn 'Ali and 72 members of his family and companions.
‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (ca. 614-693). Authorized transmitter of traditions and the son of the second caliph. He was a man of high moral qualities who refused three times to become caliph.
'Abd Allah ibn 'Umar was born to 'Umar ibn al-Khattab and his wife Zainab bint Mazaun Jamiah sometime around 614. Prior to his conversion to Islam, 'Umar had three wives. However, after he became Muslim only Zainab joined her husband in accepting the new faith. 'Abd Allah also accepted Islam at a young age, but he was not allowed to join Muhammad in battle until he was fifteen. The first battle he fought in was against the forces of Abu Sufyan during the Battle of the Trench, which occurred during 627.
When 'Ali ibn Abi Talib became caliph, 'Abd Allah refused to give him allegiance. Instead he moved from Medina to Mecca, saying he was going to perform Umrah (pilgrimage to Mecca at a time other than Hajj). After the assassination of Caliph 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, 'Abd Allah regretted having let 'Ali fend for himself in the dangerous political environment that had become prevalent. Because of 'Abd Allah's refusal to give allegiance to 'Ali, the Shi'a have a negative view of 'Abd Allah for downplaying 'Ali's role during Muhammad's time and giving support to Yazid ibn Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, the murderer of the grandson of Muhammad, Husayn ibn 'Ali and 72 members of his family and companions.
‘Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
‘Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi (d. 659). Kharijite leader who was known for his bravery and piety. He died in the battle of Nahrawan.
When 'Uthman ibn 'Affan was elected to be the third caliph in 644, some leaders of the Muslim community were happy while others were not. The former were the clan of Umayyah, the house of 'Uthman; the latter were the clan of Hashim, house of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, the losing caliphal candidate. The expectations of the Umayyah clan were met. The caliph appointed a number of the governors of the provinces from his clan, and thus invited the envy of others and the charge of nepotism from some. Soon the anti-'Uthman forces gathered strength and assassinated the caliph in 656. The same body that elected 'Uthman to the caliphate then elected 'Ali to replace him. The Umayyah clan was furious. Mu'awiya ibn Abu Sufyan, governor of Syria, and 'Amri ibn al-'As, governor of Egypt, both of the Umayyah clan, united and asked 'Ali to identify and punish the assassins, or he would be disqualified from the caliphate by implication. Much as he personally might have wished to comply with the request. 'Ali was too weak to do so because insurrections were breaking out in many regions of the realm. Hence, Mu'awiya and 'Amr joined forces and declared their independence of 'Ali's caliphate. Their contest for power soon became open defiance.
When their respective armies confronted each other at Siffin in 657, and the forces of 'Ali were about to carry the day, 'Ali's opponents resorted to a ruse and offered to accept arbitration. Anxious to avoid further bloodshed and exhausted, 'Ali accepted the offer and withdrew. The offer of arbitration was a hoax and Mu'awiya regrouped his forces for another round. The arbitration took place in 659 at Adhruh on the caravan route from Medina to Damascus, between Ma'an and Petra.
A group of 'Ali's followers strongly disagreed with the arbitration. They claimed that 'Ali had betrayed Islam by agreeing to the truce and should have referred judgment to the Qur'an alone. They also claimed that all Muslims were equal and that no one should rule over another. In this way, they denounced both 'Ali and Mu'awiya and said that their belief as La Hukma Illa Lillah, meaning "No Rulership except by Allah alone." These dissenters insisted that arms should settle the issue. They were led by 'Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi and counted several thousand soldiers.
'Ali had to confront these dissenters to prevent an upset of the arrangement with Mu'awiya and to remain caliph. There was some reluctance in the army of 'Ali to fight the dissenters because they had been with 'Ali when 'Ali fought Mu'awiya at Siffin. 'Ali also did not want to fight the dissenters and offered amnesty to those who agreed to come under his banner. All but 1800 of the dissenters left 'Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi.
At the Battle of Nahrawan, the dissenters attacked 'Ali with desperate courage. However, they did not stand a chance against the superior forces of 'Ali, and all but nine of them were killed. Among the dead was 'Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi. As for the surviving dissenters, the nine managed to flee to Basra and elsewhere, where they spread the fire of their hatred and recruited more followers. 'Ali's army suffered on eight casualties, but the biggest ultimate casualty was 'Ali himself.
Two years after the Battle of Nahrawan, the dissenters sent out three assassins to kill 'Ali, Mu'awiya and Amr al-As. The latter two survived but 'Ali was assassinated at the hand of 'Abdul Rahman ibn Muljam in the mosque of Kufa.
The dissenters -- the opponents of the arbitration with Mu'awiya -- were expelled from the ranks of 'Ali's followers and declared heretics. They were charged with going against the consensus of the umma and were given the name Khawarij or seceders. Subsequently, the Khawarij -- the Kharijites -- were fought by everybody.
Rasibi, 'Abd Allah ibn Wahb al- see ‘Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
‘Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi (d. 659). Kharijite leader who was known for his bravery and piety. He died in the battle of Nahrawan.
When 'Uthman ibn 'Affan was elected to be the third caliph in 644, some leaders of the Muslim community were happy while others were not. The former were the clan of Umayyah, the house of 'Uthman; the latter were the clan of Hashim, house of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, the losing caliphal candidate. The expectations of the Umayyah clan were met. The caliph appointed a number of the governors of the provinces from his clan, and thus invited the envy of others and the charge of nepotism from some. Soon the anti-'Uthman forces gathered strength and assassinated the caliph in 656. The same body that elected 'Uthman to the caliphate then elected 'Ali to replace him. The Umayyah clan was furious. Mu'awiya ibn Abu Sufyan, governor of Syria, and 'Amri ibn al-'As, governor of Egypt, both of the Umayyah clan, united and asked 'Ali to identify and punish the assassins, or he would be disqualified from the caliphate by implication. Much as he personally might have wished to comply with the request. 'Ali was too weak to do so because insurrections were breaking out in many regions of the realm. Hence, Mu'awiya and 'Amr joined forces and declared their independence of 'Ali's caliphate. Their contest for power soon became open defiance.
When their respective armies confronted each other at Siffin in 657, and the forces of 'Ali were about to carry the day, 'Ali's opponents resorted to a ruse and offered to accept arbitration. Anxious to avoid further bloodshed and exhausted, 'Ali accepted the offer and withdrew. The offer of arbitration was a hoax and Mu'awiya regrouped his forces for another round. The arbitration took place in 659 at Adhruh on the caravan route from Medina to Damascus, between Ma'an and Petra.
A group of 'Ali's followers strongly disagreed with the arbitration. They claimed that 'Ali had betrayed Islam by agreeing to the truce and should have referred judgment to the Qur'an alone. They also claimed that all Muslims were equal and that no one should rule over another. In this way, they denounced both 'Ali and Mu'awiya and said that their belief as La Hukma Illa Lillah, meaning "No Rulership except by Allah alone." These dissenters insisted that arms should settle the issue. They were led by 'Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi and counted several thousand soldiers.
'Ali had to confront these dissenters to prevent an upset of the arrangement with Mu'awiya and to remain caliph. There was some reluctance in the army of 'Ali to fight the dissenters because they had been with 'Ali when 'Ali fought Mu'awiya at Siffin. 'Ali also did not want to fight the dissenters and offered amnesty to those who agreed to come under his banner. All but 1800 of the dissenters left 'Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi.
At the Battle of Nahrawan, the dissenters attacked 'Ali with desperate courage. However, they did not stand a chance against the superior forces of 'Ali, and all but nine of them were killed. Among the dead was 'Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi. As for the surviving dissenters, the nine managed to flee to Basra and elsewhere, where they spread the fire of their hatred and recruited more followers. 'Ali's army suffered on eight casualties, but the biggest ultimate casualty was 'Ali himself.
Two years after the Battle of Nahrawan, the dissenters sent out three assassins to kill 'Ali, Mu'awiya and Amr al-As. The latter two survived but 'Ali was assassinated at the hand of 'Abdul Rahman ibn Muljam in the mosque of Kufa.
The dissenters -- the opponents of the arbitration with Mu'awiya -- were expelled from the ranks of 'Ali's followers and declared heretics. They were charged with going against the consensus of the umma and were given the name Khawarij or seceders. Subsequently, the Khawarij -- the Kharijites -- were fought by everybody.
Rasibi, 'Abd Allah ibn Wahb al- see ‘Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
‘Abdallah ibn Yasin
‘Abdallah ibn Yasin (d. 1059). One of the founders of the Almoravid movement. In 1039/1040, ‘Abdallah, from the Jazula group of Sanhaja nomads, joined Yahya ibn Ibrahim, chief of the Juddala group in a movement of Islamic conversion among their peoples. When the latter died, ‘Abdallah was faced with a revolt of the Juddala. He elected to perform a retreat -- a hijra -- in emulation of the Prophet, and gathered a community of followers. In alliance with Yahya ibn 'Umar, 'Abdallah ibn Yasin, the leader of the Lamtuna tribe, he managed to quell the rebellion. The movement which emerged in 1042/1043 became known as the Almoravid movement. The Almoravids carved out an Islamic empire in the Sahara ranging as far as Morocco and Spain.
'Abdallah ibn Yasin formed the Almoravd dynasty alliance from the tribes of the Lamtuna, the Masufa and the Juddala, with himself as spiritual leader and Yahya ibn 'Umar as the military leader. In 1054, the Maghrawa-ruled Sijilmasa was conquered. Ibn Yasin introduced his orthodox rule -- amongst other things wine and music were forbidden, non-Islamic taxes were abolished and one fifth of the spoils of war were allocated to the religious experts. This rigorous application of Islam soon provoked a revolt in 1055.
Yahya ibn 'Umar was killed in 1056 in a renewed revolt of the Judala in the Sahara, upon which Ibn Yasin appointed Yahya's brother Abu Bakr ibn 'Umar, the new Almoravid military leader. Abu Bakr destroyed Sijilmasa, but was not able to force the Judala back into the Almoravid league. He went on to capture Sus and its capital Aghmat in 1057.
‘Abdallah was killed in battle in 1059 while attempting to subjugate the Bargawata on the Atlantic coast in 1059. Shortly afterwards the Almoravid movement split into northern and southern contingents. The southern movement, led by Abu Bakr ibn ‘Umar, conquered Ghana in 1076/1077.
The grave of 'Abdallah ibn Yasin is 33 kilometer due south of Rabat, overlooking the Korifla River, marked on maps as the marabout of Sidi 'Abdallah.
Ibn Yasin see ‘Abdallah ibn Yasin
‘Abdallah ibn Yasin (d. 1059). One of the founders of the Almoravid movement. In 1039/1040, ‘Abdallah, from the Jazula group of Sanhaja nomads, joined Yahya ibn Ibrahim, chief of the Juddala group in a movement of Islamic conversion among their peoples. When the latter died, ‘Abdallah was faced with a revolt of the Juddala. He elected to perform a retreat -- a hijra -- in emulation of the Prophet, and gathered a community of followers. In alliance with Yahya ibn 'Umar, 'Abdallah ibn Yasin, the leader of the Lamtuna tribe, he managed to quell the rebellion. The movement which emerged in 1042/1043 became known as the Almoravid movement. The Almoravids carved out an Islamic empire in the Sahara ranging as far as Morocco and Spain.
'Abdallah ibn Yasin formed the Almoravd dynasty alliance from the tribes of the Lamtuna, the Masufa and the Juddala, with himself as spiritual leader and Yahya ibn 'Umar as the military leader. In 1054, the Maghrawa-ruled Sijilmasa was conquered. Ibn Yasin introduced his orthodox rule -- amongst other things wine and music were forbidden, non-Islamic taxes were abolished and one fifth of the spoils of war were allocated to the religious experts. This rigorous application of Islam soon provoked a revolt in 1055.
Yahya ibn 'Umar was killed in 1056 in a renewed revolt of the Judala in the Sahara, upon which Ibn Yasin appointed Yahya's brother Abu Bakr ibn 'Umar, the new Almoravid military leader. Abu Bakr destroyed Sijilmasa, but was not able to force the Judala back into the Almoravid league. He went on to capture Sus and its capital Aghmat in 1057.
‘Abdallah was killed in battle in 1059 while attempting to subjugate the Bargawata on the Atlantic coast in 1059. Shortly afterwards the Almoravid movement split into northern and southern contingents. The southern movement, led by Abu Bakr ibn ‘Umar, conquered Ghana in 1076/1077.
The grave of 'Abdallah ibn Yasin is 33 kilometer due south of Rabat, overlooking the Korifla River, marked on maps as the marabout of Sidi 'Abdallah.
Ibn Yasin see ‘Abdallah ibn Yasin
‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad ('Abdallahi) ('Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta'a'ishi) ('Abdullah ibn-Mohammed) ('Abdullahi) (Khalifat al-Mahdi) (The Khalifa) (1846- November 24, 1899). Born in central Sudan (Darfur) in 1846. He was the son of a Baqqara religious leader. He was trained and educated as a preacher and holy man.
During the late 1870s, ‘Abdallahi joined the Islamic reformer Muhammad ‘Ahmad at the latter’s retreat on the Nile River. In 1881, Muhammad ‘Ahmad proclaimed himself to be the Mahdi -- the Muslim redeemer. Muhammad ‘Ahmad set about to construct a theocratic state modelled on that of the Prophet Muhammad. ‘Abdallahi was named one of Muhammad ‘Ahmad’s four caliphs and was given command of a major part of the growing Mahdist army.
Over the next four years, ‘Abdallahi led a wave of Mahdist victories over Anglo-Egyptian forces, culminating in the taking of Khartoum in 1885. He first fought at the Battle of El Obeid, where the Anglo-Egyptian army under the command of William Hicks was destroyed on November 5, 1883. He was also the principal commander at the siege of Khartoum which lasted from February 1884 until January 26, 1885.
After the unexpected death of Muhammad ‘Ahmad in mid-1885, ‘Abdallahi assumed the leadership of the incipient theocratic state and moved to consolidate his position against various internal factions by declaring himself the Khalifa al-Mahdi -- the Mahdi’s successor.
Over the next thirteen years, ‘Abdallahi remained at Omdurman. From this center, ‘Abdallahi organized a highly bureaucratic and centralized administration. He also created a river flotilla, an arsenal, and a local telegraph system. ‘Abdallahi maintained strict Islamic law but reinstituted many of the abuses which the Mahdi had sought to eliminate.
‘Abdallahi’s army continued a border war with Ethiopia. He invaded Ethiopia and sacked Gondar in 1887. He then successfully repulsed the Ethiopians at the Battle of Metemma on March 9, 1889, where the Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes IV was killed. During the 1890s, ‘Abdallahi’s kingdom became overextended. Agricultural disasters weakened its economy, while the modern armies of Italian, French and British imperialists threatened it from all sides.
In 1896, General Kitchener began the Anglo-Egyptian reconquest of the Sudan. ‘Abdallahi’s armies suffered repeated setbacks. Following the loss of Dongola in 1896, then Berber and Abu Hamed to Kitchener's Anglo-Egyptian army in 1897, he sent an army that was defeated at the Battle of Atbara River on April 8, 1898. After falling back to Omdurman, 'Abdallahi's army was destroyed by Kitchener's forces on September 2, 1898, and the Mahdist administration collapsed. ‘Abdallahi fled south with a few followers but was finally caught and killed by Reginald Wingate's Egyptian column at Umm Diwaikarat in Kordofan on November 24, 1899.
Khalifat al-Mahdi see ‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
'Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta'a'ishi see ‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
'Abdullahi see ‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
'Abdallahi see ‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
The Khalifa see ‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
'Abdullah ibn-Mohammed see ‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad ('Abdallahi) ('Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta'a'ishi) ('Abdullah ibn-Mohammed) ('Abdullahi) (Khalifat al-Mahdi) (The Khalifa) (1846- November 24, 1899). Born in central Sudan (Darfur) in 1846. He was the son of a Baqqara religious leader. He was trained and educated as a preacher and holy man.
During the late 1870s, ‘Abdallahi joined the Islamic reformer Muhammad ‘Ahmad at the latter’s retreat on the Nile River. In 1881, Muhammad ‘Ahmad proclaimed himself to be the Mahdi -- the Muslim redeemer. Muhammad ‘Ahmad set about to construct a theocratic state modelled on that of the Prophet Muhammad. ‘Abdallahi was named one of Muhammad ‘Ahmad’s four caliphs and was given command of a major part of the growing Mahdist army.
Over the next four years, ‘Abdallahi led a wave of Mahdist victories over Anglo-Egyptian forces, culminating in the taking of Khartoum in 1885. He first fought at the Battle of El Obeid, where the Anglo-Egyptian army under the command of William Hicks was destroyed on November 5, 1883. He was also the principal commander at the siege of Khartoum which lasted from February 1884 until January 26, 1885.
After the unexpected death of Muhammad ‘Ahmad in mid-1885, ‘Abdallahi assumed the leadership of the incipient theocratic state and moved to consolidate his position against various internal factions by declaring himself the Khalifa al-Mahdi -- the Mahdi’s successor.
Over the next thirteen years, ‘Abdallahi remained at Omdurman. From this center, ‘Abdallahi organized a highly bureaucratic and centralized administration. He also created a river flotilla, an arsenal, and a local telegraph system. ‘Abdallahi maintained strict Islamic law but reinstituted many of the abuses which the Mahdi had sought to eliminate.
‘Abdallahi’s army continued a border war with Ethiopia. He invaded Ethiopia and sacked Gondar in 1887. He then successfully repulsed the Ethiopians at the Battle of Metemma on March 9, 1889, where the Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes IV was killed. During the 1890s, ‘Abdallahi’s kingdom became overextended. Agricultural disasters weakened its economy, while the modern armies of Italian, French and British imperialists threatened it from all sides.
In 1896, General Kitchener began the Anglo-Egyptian reconquest of the Sudan. ‘Abdallahi’s armies suffered repeated setbacks. Following the loss of Dongola in 1896, then Berber and Abu Hamed to Kitchener's Anglo-Egyptian army in 1897, he sent an army that was defeated at the Battle of Atbara River on April 8, 1898. After falling back to Omdurman, 'Abdallahi's army was destroyed by Kitchener's forces on September 2, 1898, and the Mahdist administration collapsed. ‘Abdallahi fled south with a few followers but was finally caught and killed by Reginald Wingate's Egyptian column at Umm Diwaikarat in Kordofan on November 24, 1899.
Khalifat al-Mahdi see ‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
'Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta'a'ishi see ‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
'Abdullahi see ‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
'Abdallahi see ‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
The Khalifa see ‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
'Abdullah ibn-Mohammed see ‘Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
‘Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta‘a’ishi
‘Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta‘a’ishi. See 'Abdallahi ibn Muhammad.
‘Abdullahi see ‘Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta‘a’ishi.
'Abdallahi ibn Muhammad see ‘Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta‘a’ishi.
Khalifa al-Mahdi see ‘Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta‘a’ishi.
Ta‘a’ishi, 'Abd Allah Muhammad al- see ‘Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta‘a’ishi.
‘Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta‘a’ishi. See 'Abdallahi ibn Muhammad.
‘Abdullahi see ‘Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta‘a’ishi.
'Abdallahi ibn Muhammad see ‘Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta‘a’ishi.
Khalifa al-Mahdi see ‘Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta‘a’ishi.
Ta‘a’ishi, 'Abd Allah Muhammad al- see ‘Abd Allah Muhammad al-Ta‘a’ishi.
Abdallah, Ould Lamine
Abdallah, Ould Lamine (b. 1929) was a French former long-distance runner who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.
Abdallah, Ould Lamine (b. 1929) was a French former long-distance runner who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.
Alternative names include:
Abdallah, Ould Lamine
Ould Lamine Abdallah
‘Abd Allah Sultanpuri
‘Abd Allah Sultanpuri (Makhdum al-Mulk). Leading Indian theologian of the sixteenth century who is said to have issued a legal advice (a fatwa) to the effect that the pilgrimage to Mecca was not obligatory for the Muslims of India because the journey by sea could not be undertaken without European passports and the land route lay through Shi‘ite Persia. However, 'Abd Allah's conservatism and intolerance led the Mughal Emperor Akbar to formulate his own religion -- the Din-e-Ilahi.
Makhdum al-Mulk see ‘Abd Allah Sultanpuri
Sultanpuri, 'Abd Allah see ‘Abd Allah Sultanpuri
Mulk, Makhdum al- see ‘Abd Allah Sultanpuri
'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur
‘Abd Allah Sultanpuri (Makhdum al-Mulk). Leading Indian theologian of the sixteenth century who is said to have issued a legal advice (a fatwa) to the effect that the pilgrimage to Mecca was not obligatory for the Muslims of India because the journey by sea could not be undertaken without European passports and the land route lay through Shi‘ite Persia. However, 'Abd Allah's conservatism and intolerance led the Mughal Emperor Akbar to formulate his own religion -- the Din-e-Ilahi.
Makhdum al-Mulk see ‘Abd Allah Sultanpuri
Sultanpuri, 'Abd Allah see ‘Abd Allah Sultanpuri
Mulk, Makhdum al- see ‘Abd Allah Sultanpuri
'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur
'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur, also known as Amir Hajji 'Abdu'llahi II ibn 'Ali 'Abdu's Shakur, (18??-1930) was the last Emir of Harar from 1884 (or 1885, various sources carry various dates) to January 26, 1887, when the state was terminated, following the defeat of the Harari troops at the Battle of Chelenqo (January 6).
Emir 'Abd Allah was the son of Muhammad ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur by Kadija, the daughter of Emir 'Abd al-Karim ibn Muhammad. To secure his hold on the emirate of Harar, his father had married 'Abd Allah to the daughter of Ahmad III ibn Abu Bakr, his predecessor. When the Egyptians evacuated Harar, 'Abd Allah became the logical choice to rule Harar, and was given a few hundred soldiers trained by one of the British officers, 300 to 400 rifles, some cannon, and munitions, a force barely sufficient to garrison Harar and Jaldessa, let alone police the trade routes and ensure the security of the state.
Emir 'Abd Allah grew paranoid of the growing Ethiopian threat to his domain, and accused the resident Europeans of co-operating with Negus Menelik II. His situation deteriorated by July 1885. The population grew uncontrollable, European traders became virtual prisoners in their homes and shops, and the adjacent Galla raided the town. In response, Emir 'Abd Allah introduced a new currency which impoverished the local population. The neighboring Oromo and Somali deserted Harar's markets and the town's economy collapsed.
Emir 'Abd Allah responded to the first Ethiopian military probe with a night attack on their camp at Hirna which included fireworks. The unmotivated troops panicked at the pyrotechnics and fled toward the Asabot and Awash Rivers. When the Negus Menelik personally led a second attack a few months later, the Emir misjudged the quality of these troops and attempted to repeat his earlier success of a second night attack. Had he allowed the enemy to attack the walled city, where his few Krupp cannon might have been effective, the Shoans might have suffered a defeat with serious political consequences. But that is not what 'Abd Allah did. As a result, the battle at Chelenqo destroyed 'Abd Allah's army in fifteen minutes.
With his wives and children, the Emir fled into the empty country east of Harar, leaving his uncle Ali Abu Barka to submit to Menelik and ask clemency for Harar.
The former Emir 'Abd Allah later returned to the town to live as a Sufi or religious scholar. 'Abd Allah died in Harar in 1930.
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