Gharid
Gharid (al-Gharid). Nickname meaning “the fresh [voice]” which was given to Abu Zayd ‘Abd al-Malik, a renowned singer of the Umayyad era during the eighth century.
al-Gharid see Gharid
Gharid (al-Gharid). Nickname meaning “the fresh [voice]” which was given to Abu Zayd ‘Abd al-Malik, a renowned singer of the Umayyad era during the eighth century.
al-Gharid see Gharid
Ghasil al-Mala’ika
Ghasil al-Mala’ika (d. 623). Nickname of Hanzala ibn Abi ‘Amir, a Companion of the Prophet. He was mortally wounded in the battle of Uhud.
Hanzala ibn Abi ‘Amir see Ghasil al-Mala’ika
Mala'ika, Ghasil al- see Ghasil al-Mala’ika
Ghasil al-Mala’ika (d. 623). Nickname of Hanzala ibn Abi ‘Amir, a Companion of the Prophet. He was mortally wounded in the battle of Uhud.
Hanzala ibn Abi ‘Amir see Ghasil al-Mala’ika
Mala'ika, Ghasil al- see Ghasil al-Mala’ika
Ghassanids
Ghassanids (in Arabic, Ghassan). Division of the great Arabian tribal group al-Azd. They settled in Syria, became Monophysite Christians and, at the eve of Islam, were allies of Byzantium against Sasanian Persia and against the Persia-oriented Lakhmids of al-Hira. They were swept away by the Muslim conquest of Syria. Some of the Arab Christian families of contemporary Southwest Asia trace their descent to the Ghassanids.
The Ghassanids (al-Ghasāsinah, also Banū Ghassān "Sons of Ghassān") were a group of South Arabian Christian tribes that emigrated in the early 3rd century from Yemen to the Hauran in southern Syria, Jordan and the Holy Land where some intermarried with Hellenized Roman settlers and Greek-speaking Early Christian communities. The term Ghassān refers to the kingdom of the Ghassanids.
The Ghassanid emigration has been passed down in the rich oral tradition of southern Syria. It is said that the Ghassanids came from the city of Ma'rib in Yemen. There was a dam in this city, however one year there was so much rain that the dam was carried away by the ensuing flood. Thus the people there had to leave. The inhabitants emigrated seeking to live in less arid lands and became scattered far and wide. The emigrants were from the southern Arab tribe of Azd of the Kahlan branch of Qahtani tribes.
The king Jafna bin ‘Amr emigrated with his family and retinue north and settled in Hauran (south of Damascus). where the Ghassanid state was founded. There it is assumed that the Ghassanids adopted the religion of Christianity.
The Romans found a powerful ally in the new coming Arabs of Southern Syria. The Ghassanids were the buffer zone against the other Bedouins penetrating Roman territory. More accurately the kings can be described as phylarchs, native rulers of subject frontier states. The capital was at Jabiyah in the Golan Heights. Geographically, it occupied much of Syria, Mount Hermon (Lebanon), Jordan and Israel, and its authority extended via tribal alliances with other Azdi tribes all the way to the northern Hijaz as far south as Yathrib (Medina).
The Byzantine Empire was focused more on the East and a long war with the Persians was always their main concern. The Ghassanids maintained their rule as the guardian of trade routes, policed Bedouin tribes and was a source of troops for the Byzantine army. The Ghassanid king al-Harith ibn Jabalah (reigned 529–569) supported the Byzantines against Sassanid Persia and was given the title patricius in 529 by the emperor Justinian I. Al-Harith was a Miaphysite Christian; he helped to revive the Syrian Miaphysite (Jacobite) Church and supported Miaphysite development despite Orthodox Byzantium regarding it as heretical. Later Byzantine mistrust and persecution of such religious unorthodoxy brought down his successors, al-Mundhir (reigned 569-582) and Nu'man.
The Ghassanids, who had successfully opposed the Persian allied Lakhmids of al-Hirah (Southern Iraq and Northern Arabia), prospered economically and engaged in much religious and public building; they also patronised the arts and at one time entertained the poets Nabighah adh-Dhubyani and Hassan ibn Thabit at their courts.
The Ghassanids remained a Byzantine vassal state until its rulers were overthrown by the Muslims in the 7th century, following the Battle of Yarmuk in 636. It is believed by the Christian historians of that era that it was at this battle that some 12,000 Ghassanid Arabs defected to the Muslim side, a fact which is mentioned in Muslim history as well.
There are different opinions why Jabalah and his followers did not convert to Islam. All the opinions go along the general idea that the Ghassanids were not interested yet in giving up their status as the lords and nobility of Syria below the famous story of Jabalah return to the Byzantine's land.
Jabalah and about 30,000 Ghassanids left Syria and settled the new Byzantine borders. They were never able to build another kingdom. However, they maintained a high status within the Byzantine empire and even produced the Nikephoros Byzantine dynasty that ruled the Byzantine empire from 802 to 813.
Nikephoros was credited for his efforts to revive the greatness of the Byzantine empire in the 9th century. He was the first Byzantine emperor to refuse paying the Tribute to the Caliph in Baghdad. However, he was betrayed by his own officers and later defeated in Phrygia, forcing him to make peace and focus on the Balkans. During his era, he settled Byzantine loyal tribes from Anatolia in what is today northern Greece to prevent Bulgar incursions.
Ghassanid Christian families are found in Syria, Palestine, Jordan, and Lebanon. Many native Christians in these countries are Ghassanid Christians. Many have since emigrated to the Americas, Europe and the rest of the world due to persecution during the Ottoman period in the 19th century, the creation of Israel in 1948, with the Palestinian Nakba as a result and following the Lebanese civil war.
A listing of the Ghassanid kings follows:
1. Jafnah I ibn `Amr (220-265)
2. `Amr I ibn Jafnah (265-270)
3. Tha'labah ibn Amr (270-287)
4. al-Harith I ibn Th`alabah (287-307)
5. Jabalah I ibn al-Harith I (307-317)
6. al-Harith II ibn Jabalah "ibn Maria" (317-327)
7. al-Mundhir I ibn al-Harith II (327-330) with
8. al-Aiham ibn al-Harith II (327-330) and...
9. al-Mundhir II ibn al-Harith II (327-340) and...
10. al-Nu`man I ibn al-Harith II (327-342) and...
11. `Amr II ibn al-Harith II (330-356) and...
12. Jabalah II ibn al-Harith II (327-361)
13. Jafnah II ibn al-Mundhir I (361-391) with...
14. al-Nu`man II ibn al-Mundhir I (361-362)
15. al-Nu`man III ibn 'Amr ibn al-Mundhir I (391-418)
16. Jabalah III ibn al-Nu`man (418-434)
17. al-Nu`man IV ibn al-Aiham (434-455) with...
18. al-Harith III ibn al-Aiham (434-456) and...
19. al-Nu`man V ibn al-Harith (434-453)
20. al-Mundhir II ibn al-Nu`man (453-472) with...
21. `Amr III ibn al-Nu`man (453-486) and...
22. Hijr ibn al-Nu`man (453-465)
23. al-Harith IV ibn Hijr (486-512)
24. Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith (512-529)
25. al- Amr IV ibn Machi(529)
26. al-Harith V ibn Jabalah (529-569)
27. al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith (569-581) with...
28. Abu Kirab al-Nu`man ibn al-Harith (570-582)
29. al-Nu`man VI ibn al-Mundhir (582-583)
30. al-Harith VI ibn al-Harith (583)
31. al-Nu'man VII ibn al-Harith Abu Kirab (583- ?)
32. al-Aiham ibn Jabalah (? -614)
33. al-Mundhir IV ibn Jabalah (614- ?)
34. Sharahil ibn Jabalah (? -618)
35. Amr IV ibn Jabalah (618-628)
36. Jabalah V ibn al-Harith (628-632)
37. Jabalah VI ibn al-Aiham (632-638)
Ghassan see Ghassanids
Ghassanids (in Arabic, Ghassan). Division of the great Arabian tribal group al-Azd. They settled in Syria, became Monophysite Christians and, at the eve of Islam, were allies of Byzantium against Sasanian Persia and against the Persia-oriented Lakhmids of al-Hira. They were swept away by the Muslim conquest of Syria. Some of the Arab Christian families of contemporary Southwest Asia trace their descent to the Ghassanids.
The Ghassanids (al-Ghasāsinah, also Banū Ghassān "Sons of Ghassān") were a group of South Arabian Christian tribes that emigrated in the early 3rd century from Yemen to the Hauran in southern Syria, Jordan and the Holy Land where some intermarried with Hellenized Roman settlers and Greek-speaking Early Christian communities. The term Ghassān refers to the kingdom of the Ghassanids.
The Ghassanid emigration has been passed down in the rich oral tradition of southern Syria. It is said that the Ghassanids came from the city of Ma'rib in Yemen. There was a dam in this city, however one year there was so much rain that the dam was carried away by the ensuing flood. Thus the people there had to leave. The inhabitants emigrated seeking to live in less arid lands and became scattered far and wide. The emigrants were from the southern Arab tribe of Azd of the Kahlan branch of Qahtani tribes.
The king Jafna bin ‘Amr emigrated with his family and retinue north and settled in Hauran (south of Damascus). where the Ghassanid state was founded. There it is assumed that the Ghassanids adopted the religion of Christianity.
The Romans found a powerful ally in the new coming Arabs of Southern Syria. The Ghassanids were the buffer zone against the other Bedouins penetrating Roman territory. More accurately the kings can be described as phylarchs, native rulers of subject frontier states. The capital was at Jabiyah in the Golan Heights. Geographically, it occupied much of Syria, Mount Hermon (Lebanon), Jordan and Israel, and its authority extended via tribal alliances with other Azdi tribes all the way to the northern Hijaz as far south as Yathrib (Medina).
The Byzantine Empire was focused more on the East and a long war with the Persians was always their main concern. The Ghassanids maintained their rule as the guardian of trade routes, policed Bedouin tribes and was a source of troops for the Byzantine army. The Ghassanid king al-Harith ibn Jabalah (reigned 529–569) supported the Byzantines against Sassanid Persia and was given the title patricius in 529 by the emperor Justinian I. Al-Harith was a Miaphysite Christian; he helped to revive the Syrian Miaphysite (Jacobite) Church and supported Miaphysite development despite Orthodox Byzantium regarding it as heretical. Later Byzantine mistrust and persecution of such religious unorthodoxy brought down his successors, al-Mundhir (reigned 569-582) and Nu'man.
The Ghassanids, who had successfully opposed the Persian allied Lakhmids of al-Hirah (Southern Iraq and Northern Arabia), prospered economically and engaged in much religious and public building; they also patronised the arts and at one time entertained the poets Nabighah adh-Dhubyani and Hassan ibn Thabit at their courts.
The Ghassanids remained a Byzantine vassal state until its rulers were overthrown by the Muslims in the 7th century, following the Battle of Yarmuk in 636. It is believed by the Christian historians of that era that it was at this battle that some 12,000 Ghassanid Arabs defected to the Muslim side, a fact which is mentioned in Muslim history as well.
There are different opinions why Jabalah and his followers did not convert to Islam. All the opinions go along the general idea that the Ghassanids were not interested yet in giving up their status as the lords and nobility of Syria below the famous story of Jabalah return to the Byzantine's land.
Jabalah and about 30,000 Ghassanids left Syria and settled the new Byzantine borders. They were never able to build another kingdom. However, they maintained a high status within the Byzantine empire and even produced the Nikephoros Byzantine dynasty that ruled the Byzantine empire from 802 to 813.
Nikephoros was credited for his efforts to revive the greatness of the Byzantine empire in the 9th century. He was the first Byzantine emperor to refuse paying the Tribute to the Caliph in Baghdad. However, he was betrayed by his own officers and later defeated in Phrygia, forcing him to make peace and focus on the Balkans. During his era, he settled Byzantine loyal tribes from Anatolia in what is today northern Greece to prevent Bulgar incursions.
Ghassanid Christian families are found in Syria, Palestine, Jordan, and Lebanon. Many native Christians in these countries are Ghassanid Christians. Many have since emigrated to the Americas, Europe and the rest of the world due to persecution during the Ottoman period in the 19th century, the creation of Israel in 1948, with the Palestinian Nakba as a result and following the Lebanese civil war.
A listing of the Ghassanid kings follows:
1. Jafnah I ibn `Amr (220-265)
2. `Amr I ibn Jafnah (265-270)
3. Tha'labah ibn Amr (270-287)
4. al-Harith I ibn Th`alabah (287-307)
5. Jabalah I ibn al-Harith I (307-317)
6. al-Harith II ibn Jabalah "ibn Maria" (317-327)
7. al-Mundhir I ibn al-Harith II (327-330) with
8. al-Aiham ibn al-Harith II (327-330) and...
9. al-Mundhir II ibn al-Harith II (327-340) and...
10. al-Nu`man I ibn al-Harith II (327-342) and...
11. `Amr II ibn al-Harith II (330-356) and...
12. Jabalah II ibn al-Harith II (327-361)
13. Jafnah II ibn al-Mundhir I (361-391) with...
14. al-Nu`man II ibn al-Mundhir I (361-362)
15. al-Nu`man III ibn 'Amr ibn al-Mundhir I (391-418)
16. Jabalah III ibn al-Nu`man (418-434)
17. al-Nu`man IV ibn al-Aiham (434-455) with...
18. al-Harith III ibn al-Aiham (434-456) and...
19. al-Nu`man V ibn al-Harith (434-453)
20. al-Mundhir II ibn al-Nu`man (453-472) with...
21. `Amr III ibn al-Nu`man (453-486) and...
22. Hijr ibn al-Nu`man (453-465)
23. al-Harith IV ibn Hijr (486-512)
24. Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith (512-529)
25. al- Amr IV ibn Machi(529)
26. al-Harith V ibn Jabalah (529-569)
27. al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith (569-581) with...
28. Abu Kirab al-Nu`man ibn al-Harith (570-582)
29. al-Nu`man VI ibn al-Mundhir (582-583)
30. al-Harith VI ibn al-Harith (583)
31. al-Nu'man VII ibn al-Harith Abu Kirab (583- ?)
32. al-Aiham ibn Jabalah (? -614)
33. al-Mundhir IV ibn Jabalah (614- ?)
34. Sharahil ibn Jabalah (? -618)
35. Amr IV ibn Jabalah (618-628)
36. Jabalah V ibn al-Harith (628-632)
37. Jabalah VI ibn al-Aiham (632-638)
Ghassan see Ghassanids
Ghatafan
Ghatafan (Banu Ghatafan). Name of a group of northern Arabian tribes, belonging to the Qays ‘Aylan. They played a role in the Prophet’s time and in early Islam.
The Banu Ghatafan are a massive ancient tribe north of Medinah and from them come the tribes of Banu Abs and Ashga and Banu Thibyaan. They were one of the Arab tribes that interacted with Muhammad. They are notable for allying themselves with the Banu Quraish in the Battle of the Trench.
Banu Ghatafan see Ghatafan
Ghatafan (Banu Ghatafan). Name of a group of northern Arabian tribes, belonging to the Qays ‘Aylan. They played a role in the Prophet’s time and in early Islam.
The Banu Ghatafan are a massive ancient tribe north of Medinah and from them come the tribes of Banu Abs and Ashga and Banu Thibyaan. They were one of the Arab tribes that interacted with Muhammad. They are notable for allying themselves with the Banu Quraish in the Battle of the Trench.
Banu Ghatafan see Ghatafan
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