Hafsa bint ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab
Hafsa bint ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (Hafsah bint 'Umar - "Daughter of a Lion") (609-665). Wife of the Prophet, who married her in 625.
Ḥafsa bint ‘Umar was the daughter of Umar (Umar ibn al-Khattab) and wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and therefore a Mother of the Believers.
She was married to Khunais ibn Hudhaifa, but became a widow when she was eighteen and according to Islamic tradition her father offered her to Abu Bakr and Uthman Ibn Affan. They both refused to marry her because Muhammad had told them that he was interested in her, which they failed to mention to 'Umar. When her father, 'Umar, went to the Prophet Muhammad to complain about their behavior, Muhammad replied, "Hafsa will marry one better than Uthman and Uthman will marry one better than Hafsa."
Muhammad married Hafsa after the battle of Badr in 2 AH. At the time of the marriage, Hafsa was around twenty years old and Muhammad fifty-six. With this marriage, Muhammad strengthened his ties to 'Umar, who now became his father-in-law.
According to Islamic tradition, Hafsa had memorized the Qur'an. The copy of Zayd ibn Thabit which was recorded by the instructions of Abu Bakr was given to Hafsa. Uthman ibn Affan, when he became Caliph, used Hafsa's copy when he authorized a single text of the Qur'an to be designated.
Sunnis believe that the reason why Abu Bakr and Uthman did not agree to marry Hafsa was that they knew Muhammad wanted to marry her.
Hafsah bint 'Umar see Hafsa bint ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab
"Daughter of a Lion" see Hafsa bint ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab
Hafsa bint ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (Hafsah bint 'Umar - "Daughter of a Lion") (609-665). Wife of the Prophet, who married her in 625.
Ḥafsa bint ‘Umar was the daughter of Umar (Umar ibn al-Khattab) and wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and therefore a Mother of the Believers.
She was married to Khunais ibn Hudhaifa, but became a widow when she was eighteen and according to Islamic tradition her father offered her to Abu Bakr and Uthman Ibn Affan. They both refused to marry her because Muhammad had told them that he was interested in her, which they failed to mention to 'Umar. When her father, 'Umar, went to the Prophet Muhammad to complain about their behavior, Muhammad replied, "Hafsa will marry one better than Uthman and Uthman will marry one better than Hafsa."
Muhammad married Hafsa after the battle of Badr in 2 AH. At the time of the marriage, Hafsa was around twenty years old and Muhammad fifty-six. With this marriage, Muhammad strengthened his ties to 'Umar, who now became his father-in-law.
According to Islamic tradition, Hafsa had memorized the Qur'an. The copy of Zayd ibn Thabit which was recorded by the instructions of Abu Bakr was given to Hafsa. Uthman ibn Affan, when he became Caliph, used Hafsa's copy when he authorized a single text of the Qur'an to be designated.
Sunnis believe that the reason why Abu Bakr and Uthman did not agree to marry Hafsa was that they knew Muhammad wanted to marry her.
Hafsah bint 'Umar see Hafsa bint ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab
"Daughter of a Lion" see Hafsa bint ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab
Hafs al-Fard
Hafs al-Fard. Ninth century theologian from Egypt. He taught that, on the Day of Resurrection, God will create the sixth sense in order to enable God’s creatures to see God.
Fard, Hafs al- see Hafs al-Fard.
Hafs al-Fard. Ninth century theologian from Egypt. He taught that, on the Day of Resurrection, God will create the sixth sense in order to enable God’s creatures to see God.
Fard, Hafs al- see Hafs al-Fard.
Hafs ibn Sulayman
Hafs ibn Sulayman. Transmitter of al-‘Asim’s “reading” of the Qur’an. The “reading” passed down by his efforts was adopted for the establishment of the text of the Qur’an published in Cairo in 1923.
Hafs ibn Sulayman. Transmitter of al-‘Asim’s “reading” of the Qur’an. The “reading” passed down by his efforts was adopted for the establishment of the text of the Qur’an published in Cairo in 1923.
Hafsids
Hafsids (Banu Hafs). Berber dynasty in Tunisia, eastern Algeria, and Tripoli (r. 1228-1574). Their main capital was Tunis. The Banu Hafs, a Masmuda tribe in the High Atlas, were named after Abu Hafs Umar (1090-1175), one of the first supporters of, and a close adviser to, the founding father of the Almohads, Ibn Tumart. His son became the hereditary governor of the Almohads in Tunisia.
Abu Zakariya Yahya I ( r. 1228-1249), gained independence in 1228 and set up the largest empire to succeed the Almohads. The founder of the dynasty, amir Abu Zakariyya’ Yahya, had commercial treaties with Provence, Languedoc, Sicily and Aragon. His son and successor Abu ‘Abd Allah (r.1249-1277) adopted the caliphal title of al-Mustansir bi-‘llah. Al-Mustansir bi-‘llah (Muhammad I al-Mustansir), fended off the Seventh Crusade in 1270. It was after this crusade that the good relations with Christendom suffered a temporary setback, and it was during this crusade that Louis IX died at Carthage in 1270.
The death of al-Mustansir bi-‘llah was followed by bloody power struggles at the end of the thirteenth century between pretenders and the branches of the dynasty in Bougie and Constantine, and the occupation of territory by the Marinids (Merinids) from Morocco in the mid-14th century. The recovery and greatest political advance came under the rulers Abu’l-Abbas Ahmad (r. 1370-1394; and from 1357 joint-ruler of Constantine), Abu Faris Azzuz (r. 1394-1434), and Abu Amr Uthman (r. 1435-1488). During this period of peace and prosperity, Tunis became the most important center of the Levant trade.
After 1494, there came a rapid decline in the power and independence of different towns and regions. Under the political dominance of the Ottoman corsairs (Aruj and Khair al-Din Barbarossa) from 1505, they were forced to accept the occupation of Tunis by Emperor Charles V in 1535. The last Hafsids struggled to maintain their position between the resident Ottoman authorities and the attacking Spaniards. The Ottomans conquered Tunis in 1534, again in 1569, and definitively in 1574. In 1574, the Ottomans finally occupied Tunis and deposed the Hafsids.
Banu Hafs see Hafsids
Hafsids (Banu Hafs). Berber dynasty in Tunisia, eastern Algeria, and Tripoli (r. 1228-1574). Their main capital was Tunis. The Banu Hafs, a Masmuda tribe in the High Atlas, were named after Abu Hafs Umar (1090-1175), one of the first supporters of, and a close adviser to, the founding father of the Almohads, Ibn Tumart. His son became the hereditary governor of the Almohads in Tunisia.
Abu Zakariya Yahya I ( r. 1228-1249), gained independence in 1228 and set up the largest empire to succeed the Almohads. The founder of the dynasty, amir Abu Zakariyya’ Yahya, had commercial treaties with Provence, Languedoc, Sicily and Aragon. His son and successor Abu ‘Abd Allah (r.1249-1277) adopted the caliphal title of al-Mustansir bi-‘llah. Al-Mustansir bi-‘llah (Muhammad I al-Mustansir), fended off the Seventh Crusade in 1270. It was after this crusade that the good relations with Christendom suffered a temporary setback, and it was during this crusade that Louis IX died at Carthage in 1270.
The death of al-Mustansir bi-‘llah was followed by bloody power struggles at the end of the thirteenth century between pretenders and the branches of the dynasty in Bougie and Constantine, and the occupation of territory by the Marinids (Merinids) from Morocco in the mid-14th century. The recovery and greatest political advance came under the rulers Abu’l-Abbas Ahmad (r. 1370-1394; and from 1357 joint-ruler of Constantine), Abu Faris Azzuz (r. 1394-1434), and Abu Amr Uthman (r. 1435-1488). During this period of peace and prosperity, Tunis became the most important center of the Levant trade.
After 1494, there came a rapid decline in the power and independence of different towns and regions. Under the political dominance of the Ottoman corsairs (Aruj and Khair al-Din Barbarossa) from 1505, they were forced to accept the occupation of Tunis by Emperor Charles V in 1535. The last Hafsids struggled to maintain their position between the resident Ottoman authorities and the attacking Spaniards. The Ottomans conquered Tunis in 1534, again in 1569, and definitively in 1574. In 1574, the Ottomans finally occupied Tunis and deposed the Hafsids.
Banu Hafs see Hafsids
Hagar
Hagar (Arabic: Hajar) - "Stranger", Latin: Agar). According to the Abrahamic faiths, an Egyptian handmaiden of Sarah, wife of Abraham. At Sarah's suggestion, she became Abraham's second wife. Her story is reported in the Book of Genesis in Judeo-Christian tradition. In Islam, her story is alluded to in the Qur'an, but her name is not mentioned. Her role is elaborated in Hadith. She was the mother of Abraham's son, Ishmael, who is regarded as the patriarch of the Ishmaelites i.e. the Arabs.
Hagar was Abraham’s second wife. She was the mother of Ishmael (Isma‘il) – the proverbial forebear of the Arabs. In the Old Testament, Hagar is designated as the concubine of the patriarch Abraham. Hagar was the handmaid of Abraham’s wife, Sarah, who, because she was barren, gave Hagar to her husband in the hope of producing heirs. When Hagar conceived a child, however, Sarah became jealous and regretted her decision. To escape Sarah’s persecution, Hagar was forced to flee into the desert. Reassured by an angel, she returned to bear Abraham a son, Ishmael {see Genesis 16}. Eventually, Sarah conceived and bore a child, who was named Isaac. After Isaac’s birth, Sarah persuaded Abraham to drive Ishmael and his mother away. They wandered into the desert, where an angel appeared to them and prophesied greatness for Ishmael {see Genesis 21:1-21}.
The story of Hagar has been interpreted in various ways. According to some scholars, Hagar personifies a tribe that at one time had been closely related to some of the Hebrew clans. Rivalry resulted in a separation, which is pictured as a dismissal of the inferior by the superior clan.
The story of Hagar is introduced in the New Testament and in rabbinical literature. She is allegorically contrasted with Sarah by Paul, who represents Hagar, the bondwoman, as the earthly Jerusalem and Sarah, the free woman, as the heavenly Jerusalem. Paul also similarly contrasts Ishmael and Isaac {see Galatians 4:22-31}. A Jewish tradition identifies Hagar with Abraham’s second wife, Keturah {see Genesis 25:1}, and another makes her the daughter of an Egyptian pharaoh.
In Islamic tradition, Hagar is Abraham’s true wife, and Ishmael (Isma‘il), the favorite son. Ishmael is identified as the progenitor of the Arabs.
Neither Sarah nor Hagar are mentioned by name in the Qur'an, but the story is traditionally understood to be referred to in a line from Abraham's prayer in Sura Ibrahim (14:37): "I have settled some of my family in a barren valley near your Sacred House". While Hagar is not named, the reader lives Hagar's predicament indirectly through the eyes of Abraham. She is also frequently mentioned in the books of hadiths.
According to Qisas Al-Anbiya, an Islamic collection of tales about the prophets, Hagar was the daughter of the King of Maghreb, a descendant of the Islamic prophet Salih. Her father was killed by Pharaoh Dhu l-'arsh and she was captured and taken as slave. Later, because of her royal blood, she was made mistress of the female slaves and given access to all of Pharaoh's wealth. Upon conversion to Abraham's faith, the Pharaoh gave Hagar to Sarah who gave her to Abraham. In this account, the name "Hagar" (called Hajar in Arabic) comes from Ha ajruka (Arabic for "here is your recompense").
According to another Islamic tradition, Hagar was the daughter of the Egyptian king, who gifted her to Abraham as a wife, thinking Sarah was his sister. According to Ibn Abbas, Ishmael's birth to Hagar caused strife between her and Sarah, who was still barren. Abraham brought Hagar and their son to a land called Paran or (Faran in Arabic) which is the land surrounding Mecca, where the angel Gabriel showed him the Ka'aba. The objective of this journey was to "resettle" rather than "expel" Hagar.
The journey began in Syria, when Ishmael was still a suckling. Gabriel personally guided them on the journey (part of which took place on a winged steed). Upon reaching the site of the Kaaba, Abraham left Hagar and son Ishmael under a tree and provided them with water. Hagar, learning that God had ordered Abraham to leave her in the desert of Paran, respected his decision. Muslims believe that God ordered Abraham to leave Hagar in order to test his obedience to God's commands.
However, soon Hagar ran out of water, and baby Ishmael began to die. Hagar, according to Islamic tradition, panicked and climbed two nearby mountains repeatedly in search for water. After her seventh climb, Gabriel rescued her, pounding the ground with his staff and causing a miraculous well to spring out of the ground. This is called Zamzam Well today and is located near the Ka'aba in Mecca.
The story of Hagar's repeated attempts to find water for her son by running between the hills Safa and Marwah has developed into a Muslim rite (known as the sa`i). During the two Muslim pilgrimages (the Hajj and Umra), pilgrims are required to walk between the two hills seven times in memory of Hagar's quest for water. The rite symbolizes the celebration of motherhood in Islam, as well as leadership of the women.
To complete the rite, Muslims drink from the well of Zamzam. Muslims will often take back some of the water, regarding it as sacred, in memory of Hagar.
Hajar see Hagar
"Stranger" see Hagar
Agar see Hagar
Ha ajruka see Hagar
"here is your recompense" see Hagar
Hagar (Arabic: Hajar) - "Stranger", Latin: Agar). According to the Abrahamic faiths, an Egyptian handmaiden of Sarah, wife of Abraham. At Sarah's suggestion, she became Abraham's second wife. Her story is reported in the Book of Genesis in Judeo-Christian tradition. In Islam, her story is alluded to in the Qur'an, but her name is not mentioned. Her role is elaborated in Hadith. She was the mother of Abraham's son, Ishmael, who is regarded as the patriarch of the Ishmaelites i.e. the Arabs.
Hagar was Abraham’s second wife. She was the mother of Ishmael (Isma‘il) – the proverbial forebear of the Arabs. In the Old Testament, Hagar is designated as the concubine of the patriarch Abraham. Hagar was the handmaid of Abraham’s wife, Sarah, who, because she was barren, gave Hagar to her husband in the hope of producing heirs. When Hagar conceived a child, however, Sarah became jealous and regretted her decision. To escape Sarah’s persecution, Hagar was forced to flee into the desert. Reassured by an angel, she returned to bear Abraham a son, Ishmael {see Genesis 16}. Eventually, Sarah conceived and bore a child, who was named Isaac. After Isaac’s birth, Sarah persuaded Abraham to drive Ishmael and his mother away. They wandered into the desert, where an angel appeared to them and prophesied greatness for Ishmael {see Genesis 21:1-21}.
The story of Hagar has been interpreted in various ways. According to some scholars, Hagar personifies a tribe that at one time had been closely related to some of the Hebrew clans. Rivalry resulted in a separation, which is pictured as a dismissal of the inferior by the superior clan.
The story of Hagar is introduced in the New Testament and in rabbinical literature. She is allegorically contrasted with Sarah by Paul, who represents Hagar, the bondwoman, as the earthly Jerusalem and Sarah, the free woman, as the heavenly Jerusalem. Paul also similarly contrasts Ishmael and Isaac {see Galatians 4:22-31}. A Jewish tradition identifies Hagar with Abraham’s second wife, Keturah {see Genesis 25:1}, and another makes her the daughter of an Egyptian pharaoh.
In Islamic tradition, Hagar is Abraham’s true wife, and Ishmael (Isma‘il), the favorite son. Ishmael is identified as the progenitor of the Arabs.
Neither Sarah nor Hagar are mentioned by name in the Qur'an, but the story is traditionally understood to be referred to in a line from Abraham's prayer in Sura Ibrahim (14:37): "I have settled some of my family in a barren valley near your Sacred House". While Hagar is not named, the reader lives Hagar's predicament indirectly through the eyes of Abraham. She is also frequently mentioned in the books of hadiths.
According to Qisas Al-Anbiya, an Islamic collection of tales about the prophets, Hagar was the daughter of the King of Maghreb, a descendant of the Islamic prophet Salih. Her father was killed by Pharaoh Dhu l-'arsh and she was captured and taken as slave. Later, because of her royal blood, she was made mistress of the female slaves and given access to all of Pharaoh's wealth. Upon conversion to Abraham's faith, the Pharaoh gave Hagar to Sarah who gave her to Abraham. In this account, the name "Hagar" (called Hajar in Arabic) comes from Ha ajruka (Arabic for "here is your recompense").
According to another Islamic tradition, Hagar was the daughter of the Egyptian king, who gifted her to Abraham as a wife, thinking Sarah was his sister. According to Ibn Abbas, Ishmael's birth to Hagar caused strife between her and Sarah, who was still barren. Abraham brought Hagar and their son to a land called Paran or (Faran in Arabic) which is the land surrounding Mecca, where the angel Gabriel showed him the Ka'aba. The objective of this journey was to "resettle" rather than "expel" Hagar.
The journey began in Syria, when Ishmael was still a suckling. Gabriel personally guided them on the journey (part of which took place on a winged steed). Upon reaching the site of the Kaaba, Abraham left Hagar and son Ishmael under a tree and provided them with water. Hagar, learning that God had ordered Abraham to leave her in the desert of Paran, respected his decision. Muslims believe that God ordered Abraham to leave Hagar in order to test his obedience to God's commands.
However, soon Hagar ran out of water, and baby Ishmael began to die. Hagar, according to Islamic tradition, panicked and climbed two nearby mountains repeatedly in search for water. After her seventh climb, Gabriel rescued her, pounding the ground with his staff and causing a miraculous well to spring out of the ground. This is called Zamzam Well today and is located near the Ka'aba in Mecca.
The story of Hagar's repeated attempts to find water for her son by running between the hills Safa and Marwah has developed into a Muslim rite (known as the sa`i). During the two Muslim pilgrimages (the Hajj and Umra), pilgrims are required to walk between the two hills seven times in memory of Hagar's quest for water. The rite symbolizes the celebration of motherhood in Islam, as well as leadership of the women.
To complete the rite, Muslims drink from the well of Zamzam. Muslims will often take back some of the water, regarding it as sacred, in memory of Hagar.
Hajar see Hagar
"Stranger" see Hagar
Agar see Hagar
Ha ajruka see Hagar
"here is your recompense" see Hagar
Haidalla
Haidalla (Mohammed Khouna Ould Haidalla) (b. 1940). Prime minister of Mauritania (1978 -1980) and president of Mauritania (1980-1984). Haidalla was born in Beir Enzaran, Western Sahara, and received military training at St. Cyr in France, graduating as a second lieutenant in 1964. Haidalla was a hero in Mauritania’s war against the Polisarios of the Western Sahara, who were fighting against the absorption of their territory by Mauritania and Morocco after Spain’s abandonment of the Western Sahara in 1975.
Divisiveness over the unpopular war led to the overthrow of Mauritania’s first president, Moktar Ould Daddah, in 1978. Haidalla was first appointed defence minister and then prime minister and first vice-president under Lieutenant Colonel Moustapha Ould Salak, also serving as military chief of staff. Salak later resigned as president and was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Mohammed Louly.
In 1979, Haidalla renounced Mauritania’s territorial claims to the Western Sahara. However, Morocco continued to lay claim to the territory, and Moroccan incursions into Mauritanian territory caused continuing conflict between the two countries.
In January 1980, Haidalla led a coup against Louly, assuming the positions of both president and prime minister. Former president Ould Daddah was released from prison and went to France, where he formed an opposition movement. In that year, Haidalla announced the abolition of slavery, and a compensation plan for slave owners was established. Haidalla formed a civilian government and distributed a draft constitution permitting multiple political parties. The constitution was abandoned in 1981 in the wake of continuing political instability caused by tensions over the Western Sahara issue and strained relations with Morocco.
In 1984, Haidalla formally recognized the political arm of the Polisarios. This action caused increased tension in the military, which was split over the question of support for the guerrillas in the Western Sahara. Shortly thereafter, Haidally was ousted in a bloodless coup led by Colonel Sid Ahmed Taya and placed under house arrest.
Haidalla had been at a Franco-African Summit in Burundi and learned of the coup in Brazzaville, during his return to Mauritania, from Denis Sassou Nguesso, the president of the Republic of the Congo. Haidallah returned to Mauritania anyway and was arrested at the airport in Nouakchott. He was eventually released in December 1988. Taya promised to install democracy, but his rule was considered dictatorial by many. He was deposed by a military coup in 2005.
Haidallah was the head of state of Mauritania (Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation, CMSN) from January 4, 1980 to December 12, 1984. He was also an unsuccessful candidate in the 2003 presidential election and the 2007 presidential election.
Haidallah's main achievement was to make peace with the Western Saharan Polisario Front, which had been fighting Mauritania since it annexed part of the former Spanish colony in 1975. The CMSN opted for complete withdrawal from the conflict, evacuating southern Rio de Oro (which had been annexed as Tiris El Gharbiya) and recognizing the Polisario as the representative of the Sahrawi people. This led to a crisis in relations with the country's until-then ally Morocco, which had similarly annexed the remainder of Western Sahara, with Haidallah's government facing an attempted coup, troop clashes and military tension. Relations were completely severed between 1981 and 1985, when they were restored by Haidalla's successor. However, relations improved with Polisario's main regional backer, Algeria, with the Algerian government sending arms and supplies to bolster his regime. Haidalla's 1984 recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR, the Polisario's government-in-exile) as a sovereign nation appears to have been one of the triggering causes for Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya's coup in 1984.
On the domestic front, Haidallah's most notable policies were the institution of Islamic sharia law in 1980-83, as well as several failed attempts to rebuild the political system shattered by the 1978 coup — first as a multi-party system, and then, after the first coup attempt against him, as a one-party state. It was also during Haidallah's rule that slavery was formally abolished in Mauritania, although the practice continues at a diminished level still today. He made a statement announcing the abolition of slavery in July 1980, and this was followed by a legal decree in November 1981. Political opponents were treated harshly, with imprisonments and those responsible for one of the failed coups against his government were executed.
After returning to Mauritania in 1984, Haidallah was held in administrative detention for several years by Ould Taya, during which time he fell sick. After his release, he stayed outside of politics until 2003, when he returned to head the opposition. He then unsuccessfully ran for president against Taya in November, campaigning on a moderately Islamist platform, whereas Taya, who had established full diplomatic ties with Israel, was considered pro-Western. Haidallah officially came in second with about 19% of the vote, although he alleged fraud; he was arrested immediately after the election, accused of plotting a coup. Haidallah had also been briefly detained just prior to the vote. On December 28, 2003 he received a five-year suspended sentence and, therefore, was set free, but barred from politics for five years. An appeals court confirmed this sentence in April 2004. Also, in April, his supporters attempted to register a political party, the Party for Democratic Convergence.
Haidalla was arrested again on November 3, 2004, accused of involvement in coup plots. The prosecutor sought a five-year prison sentence, but he was acquitted on February 3, 2005 at the end of a mass trial of 195 people.
Following a military coup against Taya in August 2005, an amnesty in early September freed Haidallah from his sentence, along with more than a hundred others sentenced for political offenses. On December 27, 2006, Haidalla announced that he would be a candidate in the presidential election scheduled for March 11, 2007. He campaigned on a nationalist-islamist platform, citing the struggle against poverty and slavery as priorities. On February 3, he gained the support of another registered presidential candidate, former opposition politician and prisoner under Ould Taya, Chbih Ould Cheikh Melainine, who dropped out of the race.
However, no longer having the political base that came with being the main candidate of the opposition under Ould Taya, Haidallah was even less successful in the 2007 election, coming in tenth place and receiving 1.73% of the vote.
After the election, which was won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Haidalla announced his support for Abdallahi in October 2007. However, following the the coup that ousted Abdallahi in August 2008, Haidalla expressed his support for the coup in a statement on August 29, 2008, saying that it was necessary under the circumstances and urging all Mauritanians to support it. He also criticized the negative reactions of Western governments to the coup, alleging that they were interfering in Mauritanian affairs.
Mohammed Khouna Ould Haidalla see Haidalla
Haidalla (Mohammed Khouna Ould Haidalla) (b. 1940). Prime minister of Mauritania (1978 -1980) and president of Mauritania (1980-1984). Haidalla was born in Beir Enzaran, Western Sahara, and received military training at St. Cyr in France, graduating as a second lieutenant in 1964. Haidalla was a hero in Mauritania’s war against the Polisarios of the Western Sahara, who were fighting against the absorption of their territory by Mauritania and Morocco after Spain’s abandonment of the Western Sahara in 1975.
Divisiveness over the unpopular war led to the overthrow of Mauritania’s first president, Moktar Ould Daddah, in 1978. Haidalla was first appointed defence minister and then prime minister and first vice-president under Lieutenant Colonel Moustapha Ould Salak, also serving as military chief of staff. Salak later resigned as president and was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Mohammed Louly.
In 1979, Haidalla renounced Mauritania’s territorial claims to the Western Sahara. However, Morocco continued to lay claim to the territory, and Moroccan incursions into Mauritanian territory caused continuing conflict between the two countries.
In January 1980, Haidalla led a coup against Louly, assuming the positions of both president and prime minister. Former president Ould Daddah was released from prison and went to France, where he formed an opposition movement. In that year, Haidalla announced the abolition of slavery, and a compensation plan for slave owners was established. Haidalla formed a civilian government and distributed a draft constitution permitting multiple political parties. The constitution was abandoned in 1981 in the wake of continuing political instability caused by tensions over the Western Sahara issue and strained relations with Morocco.
In 1984, Haidalla formally recognized the political arm of the Polisarios. This action caused increased tension in the military, which was split over the question of support for the guerrillas in the Western Sahara. Shortly thereafter, Haidally was ousted in a bloodless coup led by Colonel Sid Ahmed Taya and placed under house arrest.
Haidalla had been at a Franco-African Summit in Burundi and learned of the coup in Brazzaville, during his return to Mauritania, from Denis Sassou Nguesso, the president of the Republic of the Congo. Haidallah returned to Mauritania anyway and was arrested at the airport in Nouakchott. He was eventually released in December 1988. Taya promised to install democracy, but his rule was considered dictatorial by many. He was deposed by a military coup in 2005.
Haidallah was the head of state of Mauritania (Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation, CMSN) from January 4, 1980 to December 12, 1984. He was also an unsuccessful candidate in the 2003 presidential election and the 2007 presidential election.
Haidallah's main achievement was to make peace with the Western Saharan Polisario Front, which had been fighting Mauritania since it annexed part of the former Spanish colony in 1975. The CMSN opted for complete withdrawal from the conflict, evacuating southern Rio de Oro (which had been annexed as Tiris El Gharbiya) and recognizing the Polisario as the representative of the Sahrawi people. This led to a crisis in relations with the country's until-then ally Morocco, which had similarly annexed the remainder of Western Sahara, with Haidallah's government facing an attempted coup, troop clashes and military tension. Relations were completely severed between 1981 and 1985, when they were restored by Haidalla's successor. However, relations improved with Polisario's main regional backer, Algeria, with the Algerian government sending arms and supplies to bolster his regime. Haidalla's 1984 recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR, the Polisario's government-in-exile) as a sovereign nation appears to have been one of the triggering causes for Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya's coup in 1984.
On the domestic front, Haidallah's most notable policies were the institution of Islamic sharia law in 1980-83, as well as several failed attempts to rebuild the political system shattered by the 1978 coup — first as a multi-party system, and then, after the first coup attempt against him, as a one-party state. It was also during Haidallah's rule that slavery was formally abolished in Mauritania, although the practice continues at a diminished level still today. He made a statement announcing the abolition of slavery in July 1980, and this was followed by a legal decree in November 1981. Political opponents were treated harshly, with imprisonments and those responsible for one of the failed coups against his government were executed.
After returning to Mauritania in 1984, Haidallah was held in administrative detention for several years by Ould Taya, during which time he fell sick. After his release, he stayed outside of politics until 2003, when he returned to head the opposition. He then unsuccessfully ran for president against Taya in November, campaigning on a moderately Islamist platform, whereas Taya, who had established full diplomatic ties with Israel, was considered pro-Western. Haidallah officially came in second with about 19% of the vote, although he alleged fraud; he was arrested immediately after the election, accused of plotting a coup. Haidallah had also been briefly detained just prior to the vote. On December 28, 2003 he received a five-year suspended sentence and, therefore, was set free, but barred from politics for five years. An appeals court confirmed this sentence in April 2004. Also, in April, his supporters attempted to register a political party, the Party for Democratic Convergence.
Haidalla was arrested again on November 3, 2004, accused of involvement in coup plots. The prosecutor sought a five-year prison sentence, but he was acquitted on February 3, 2005 at the end of a mass trial of 195 people.
Following a military coup against Taya in August 2005, an amnesty in early September freed Haidallah from his sentence, along with more than a hundred others sentenced for political offenses. On December 27, 2006, Haidalla announced that he would be a candidate in the presidential election scheduled for March 11, 2007. He campaigned on a nationalist-islamist platform, citing the struggle against poverty and slavery as priorities. On February 3, he gained the support of another registered presidential candidate, former opposition politician and prisoner under Ould Taya, Chbih Ould Cheikh Melainine, who dropped out of the race.
However, no longer having the political base that came with being the main candidate of the opposition under Ould Taya, Haidallah was even less successful in the 2007 election, coming in tenth place and receiving 1.73% of the vote.
After the election, which was won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Haidalla announced his support for Abdallahi in October 2007. However, following the the coup that ousted Abdallahi in August 2008, Haidalla expressed his support for the coup in a statement on August 29, 2008, saying that it was necessary under the circumstances and urging all Mauritanians to support it. He also criticized the negative reactions of Western governments to the coup, alleging that they were interfering in Mauritanian affairs.
Mohammed Khouna Ould Haidalla see Haidalla
Haidar Ali
Haidar Ali (Hyder Ali) (Haidarlī) (1721/22–1782). Muslim ruler of Mysore, who figured prominently in the fight against British encroachment in India during the eighteenth century. The son of a soldier, he learned the art of warfare and diplomacy in the Anglo-French wars of 1751 to 1755 and supplanted his own master, the raja Nanjaraj, in 1761. A soldier of fortune, he soon extended his dominions over most of south India, and defeated the British Bombay army in 1768. In the First Mysore War (1767-1769), he appeared before the gates of Madras and dictated terms to the British. Eleven years later, during the Second Mysore War (1780-1784), he allied himself with the nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas against the British, again fighting them successfully until they managed to split the alliance. He caused the British great embarrassment by defeating their armies and by occupying large tracts of their territories. Haidar was then defeated at the Battle of Porto Novo (1781). He fought on, aided by his son and successor, Tipu Sahib, but died before the war was concluded.
Today, history records that Haidar Ali enlarged the Mysore kingdom and endowed it with an efficient system of administration and a well-disciplined army. Although occasionally allying with his enemies, Haidar Ali fought constant wars with his neighbors, the Marathas and the nizam, who remained unreconciled to his rise as a power. Haidar Ali is best remembered as the Indian ruler who inflicted severe blows on the English and damaged their reputation as an invincible power in India.
Ali, Haidar see Haidar Ali
Hyder Ali see Haidar Ali
Ali, Hyder see Haidar Ali
Haidarli see Haidar Ali
Haidar Ali (Hyder Ali) (Haidarlī) (1721/22–1782). Muslim ruler of Mysore, who figured prominently in the fight against British encroachment in India during the eighteenth century. The son of a soldier, he learned the art of warfare and diplomacy in the Anglo-French wars of 1751 to 1755 and supplanted his own master, the raja Nanjaraj, in 1761. A soldier of fortune, he soon extended his dominions over most of south India, and defeated the British Bombay army in 1768. In the First Mysore War (1767-1769), he appeared before the gates of Madras and dictated terms to the British. Eleven years later, during the Second Mysore War (1780-1784), he allied himself with the nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas against the British, again fighting them successfully until they managed to split the alliance. He caused the British great embarrassment by defeating their armies and by occupying large tracts of their territories. Haidar was then defeated at the Battle of Porto Novo (1781). He fought on, aided by his son and successor, Tipu Sahib, but died before the war was concluded.
Today, history records that Haidar Ali enlarged the Mysore kingdom and endowed it with an efficient system of administration and a well-disciplined army. Although occasionally allying with his enemies, Haidar Ali fought constant wars with his neighbors, the Marathas and the nizam, who remained unreconciled to his rise as a power. Haidar Ali is best remembered as the Indian ruler who inflicted severe blows on the English and damaged their reputation as an invincible power in India.
Ali, Haidar see Haidar Ali
Hyder Ali see Haidar Ali
Ali, Hyder see Haidar Ali
Haidarli see Haidar Ali
Ha’ik
Ha’ik (Muhammad al-Ha’ik). An eighth century compiler of the texts of songs deriving from Andalusian Arabic music. A great number of these texts have been transmitted orally down to the present day.
Muhammad al-Ha’ik see Ha’ik
Ha’ik (Muhammad al-Ha’ik). An eighth century compiler of the texts of songs deriving from Andalusian Arabic music. A great number of these texts have been transmitted orally down to the present day.
Muhammad al-Ha’ik see Ha’ik
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