Obgoni
Obgoni (Ohogobo). In colonial Brazil, a powerful, secret Hausa society organized by black Muslim slaves in Bahia around 1812. The society generally follows the same pattern as similar societies in West Africa. On February 28, 1813, 600 Obgoni blacks rose in revolt in the city of Bahia, burning part of the city and killing many whites in the battle. The rebellion was crushed by government forces. Many slaves were executed, others were imprisoned, and some were deported to penal settlements in Angola, Benguela, and Mozambique.
O'Connor, Sinead see Sadaqat, Shuhada'
Ohogobo see Obgoni
Og
Og (‘Uj ibn ‘Anaq) was the king of Bashan in modern Syria who was mentioned in the Old Testament. The Qur’an does not mention him, but the giant king is described by Abu Ja‘far al-Tabari, Abu Mansur al-Husayn al-Tha‘alibi and Abu’l-Hasan al-Kisa’i.
According to several books of the Old Testament, Og was an ancient Amorite king of Jerusalem who, along with an army, was slain by Joshua and his men at the battle of Edrei (probably modern day Daraa, Syria). The internal chronology of the Deuteronomistic History and the Torah would suggest Og's overthrow and the conquest of Canaan by Israel around c. 1500 or 1200 B.C.T., although Bible critics attest that these books may have been written no earlier than the 7th-6th centuries B.C.T., and are considered by some Bible critics to be of uncertain historical accuracy.
Og, the giant of the Amorites, is equally considered a folk legend, around whom gathered many Jewish legends: according to some traditions he lived to be 3,000 years old and clung to Noah's ark during the Deluge. In Islamic lore, he is referred to as ‘Uj ibn Anaq, evidently one of the giants mentioned in the Qur'an (jababirat or jabbirun).
Og is mentioned in Jewish folklore as being alive from the time of Noah up until the time of his death in battle with the Jews. It is also written in the Midrash that he had a special compartment in Noah's Ark just for him. Aggadah suggests an alternative to this, that he sat upon the top of the ark, riding out the flood for the duration of the storm from this location.
'Uj ibn 'Anaq see Og
Og (‘Uj ibn ‘Anaq) was the king of Bashan in modern Syria who was mentioned in the Old Testament. The Qur’an does not mention him, but the giant king is described by Abu Ja‘far al-Tabari, Abu Mansur al-Husayn al-Tha‘alibi and Abu’l-Hasan al-Kisa’i.
According to several books of the Old Testament, Og was an ancient Amorite king of Jerusalem who, along with an army, was slain by Joshua and his men at the battle of Edrei (probably modern day Daraa, Syria). The internal chronology of the Deuteronomistic History and the Torah would suggest Og's overthrow and the conquest of Canaan by Israel around c. 1500 or 1200 B.C.T., although Bible critics attest that these books may have been written no earlier than the 7th-6th centuries B.C.T., and are considered by some Bible critics to be of uncertain historical accuracy.
Og, the giant of the Amorites, is equally considered a folk legend, around whom gathered many Jewish legends: according to some traditions he lived to be 3,000 years old and clung to Noah's ark during the Deluge. In Islamic lore, he is referred to as ‘Uj ibn Anaq, evidently one of the giants mentioned in the Qur'an (jababirat or jabbirun).
Og is mentioned in Jewish folklore as being alive from the time of Noah up until the time of his death in battle with the Jews. It is also written in the Midrash that he had a special compartment in Noah's Ark just for him. Aggadah suggests an alternative to this, that he sat upon the top of the ark, riding out the flood for the duration of the storm from this location.
'Uj ibn 'Anaq see Og
Ogan-Besemah
Ogan-Besemah. The term “Ogan-Besemah” designates an ethnic and linguistic family of peoples living in the province of South Sumatra, Indonesia. The Ogan-Besemah area covers most of the province, from the outskirts of Palembang in the east to the mountainous border with Bengkulu in the west. Members of the several societies comprising this family consider themselves more akin to each other than to other peoples inhabiting the province -- the Komering to the south, Malay speakers to the east and Rejang to the north.
Although Palembang is represented in Malay myths as the site of the early kingdom of Srivijaya and the origin place of the Malay sultans, the interior Ogan Besemah area was relatively independent of Palembang rulers. Dutch rule shakily commenced in 1816, but was long limited to the capital. In different areas of Ogan Besemah, local leaders organized active resistance from the 1840s on, and formal annexation of Besemah into the Palembang residence was not until 1866. Present provincial divisions place the area in South Sumatra, and western Besemah people play a particularly dominant role in provincial politics.
Ogan-Besemah. The term “Ogan-Besemah” designates an ethnic and linguistic family of peoples living in the province of South Sumatra, Indonesia. The Ogan-Besemah area covers most of the province, from the outskirts of Palembang in the east to the mountainous border with Bengkulu in the west. Members of the several societies comprising this family consider themselves more akin to each other than to other peoples inhabiting the province -- the Komering to the south, Malay speakers to the east and Rejang to the north.
Although Palembang is represented in Malay myths as the site of the early kingdom of Srivijaya and the origin place of the Malay sultans, the interior Ogan Besemah area was relatively independent of Palembang rulers. Dutch rule shakily commenced in 1816, but was long limited to the capital. In different areas of Ogan Besemah, local leaders organized active resistance from the 1840s on, and formal annexation of Besemah into the Palembang residence was not until 1866. Present provincial divisions place the area in South Sumatra, and western Besemah people play a particularly dominant role in provincial politics.
Ogedey
Ogedey (Ogadai) (Ogodei) (Ogdai) (Ugedei) (b. 1185/1189, Mongolia - d. 1241, Karakorum, Mongolia). Third son of Genghis Khan and the second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (r.1229-1241). During his reign, the empire continued to expand into China, Persia, Russia and Eastern Europe.
The third son of Genghis, Ögödei succeeded his father in 1229. He was the first ruler of the Mongols to call himself khagan (“great khan”); his father used only the title khan. He made his headquarters on the Orhon River in central Mongolia, where he built the capital city of Karakorum on the site laid out by his father. Like his father, he carried out several simultaneous campaigns, using generals in the field who acted independently but who were subject to his orders. The orders were transmitted by a messenger system that covered almost all of Asia.
In the East, Ögödei launched an attack on the Jin (Juchen) dynasty of North China. The Song dynasty in South China wished to regain territory lost to the Jin and therefore allied itself with the Mongols, helping Ögödei take the Jin capital at Kaifeng in 1234.
Ögödei’s Chinese adviser, Yelü Chucai, convinced him to reverse previous Mongol policy. Instead of leveling North China and all its inhabitants in the usual Mongol manner, he preserved the country in order to utilize the wealth and skills of its inhabitants. That decision not only saved Chinese culture in North China but it also gave the Mongols access to the Chinese weapons that later enabled them to conquer the technologically superior Song. Knowledge of governmental techniques gained from the people of North China made it possible for the Mongols to be rulers as well as conquerors of China.
In the western part of his empire, Ögödei sent Mongol armies into Iran, Iraq, and Russia. With the sacking of Kiev in 1240, the Mongols finally crushed Russian resistance. In the next year Mongol forces defeated a joint army of German and Polish troops and then marched through Hungary and reached the Adriatic Sea. Thereafter for more than 200 years Russia remained tributary to the Mongols of the Golden Horde.
Ögödei died during a drinking bout, and his troops called off their intended invasion of western Europe. His widow, Töregene, ruled as regent until 1246 when she handed over the throne to Güyük, her eldest son by Ögödei. Ögödei is described in contemporary sources as a stern, energetic man given to drinking and lasciviousness.
Ogadai see Ogedey
Ogodei see Ogedey
Ogdai see Ogedey
Ugedei see Ogedey
Ogedey (Ogadai) (Ogodei) (Ogdai) (Ugedei) (b. 1185/1189, Mongolia - d. 1241, Karakorum, Mongolia). Third son of Genghis Khan and the second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (r.1229-1241). During his reign, the empire continued to expand into China, Persia, Russia and Eastern Europe.
The third son of Genghis, Ögödei succeeded his father in 1229. He was the first ruler of the Mongols to call himself khagan (“great khan”); his father used only the title khan. He made his headquarters on the Orhon River in central Mongolia, where he built the capital city of Karakorum on the site laid out by his father. Like his father, he carried out several simultaneous campaigns, using generals in the field who acted independently but who were subject to his orders. The orders were transmitted by a messenger system that covered almost all of Asia.
In the East, Ögödei launched an attack on the Jin (Juchen) dynasty of North China. The Song dynasty in South China wished to regain territory lost to the Jin and therefore allied itself with the Mongols, helping Ögödei take the Jin capital at Kaifeng in 1234.
Ögödei’s Chinese adviser, Yelü Chucai, convinced him to reverse previous Mongol policy. Instead of leveling North China and all its inhabitants in the usual Mongol manner, he preserved the country in order to utilize the wealth and skills of its inhabitants. That decision not only saved Chinese culture in North China but it also gave the Mongols access to the Chinese weapons that later enabled them to conquer the technologically superior Song. Knowledge of governmental techniques gained from the people of North China made it possible for the Mongols to be rulers as well as conquerors of China.
In the western part of his empire, Ögödei sent Mongol armies into Iran, Iraq, and Russia. With the sacking of Kiev in 1240, the Mongols finally crushed Russian resistance. In the next year Mongol forces defeated a joint army of German and Polish troops and then marched through Hungary and reached the Adriatic Sea. Thereafter for more than 200 years Russia remained tributary to the Mongols of the Golden Horde.
Ögödei died during a drinking bout, and his troops called off their intended invasion of western Europe. His widow, Töregene, ruled as regent until 1246 when she handed over the throne to Güyük, her eldest son by Ögödei. Ögödei is described in contemporary sources as a stern, energetic man given to drinking and lasciviousness.
Ogadai see Ogedey
Ogodei see Ogedey
Ogdai see Ogedey
Ugedei see Ogedey
Oghuz
Oghuz (Oguz) (Ghuzz) (Guozz) (Kuz) (Okuz) (Oufoi) (Ouz) (Ouzoi) (Torks) (Turkmen) (Uguz) (Uğuz) (Uz). Name of an eastern Turkish people, the best-known tribes being the Uyghurs, the Saljuqs, the Artuqids and the Ottomans. In the ninth century, some groups spread to the west and are known to have settled around Diyarbakr. In the tenth century, they occupied a territory the southern border of which was formed by the Aral Sea and the Iaxartes, where they came in touch with the Muslim world. By the end of the tenth century, Islam had become general among them. By that time, those of the Oghuz who had become Muslim were indicated with the name Turkmen, but later the name Oghuz was also used for the Muslims. In the third and fourth decades of the eleventh century, a group, under the leadership of Chaghri-Beg and Tughril-Beg of the Saljuq family, expanded westwards, and defeated the Ghaznavid Mas‘ud in 1040. The greater part of Persia and Iraq was conquered on behalf of the so-called Great Saljuqs. Most of the Oghuz concentrated in Azerbaijan, from where a section spread to Asia Minor and converted it into what from then on was known as Turkey. Oghuz tribes who had remained behind in Central Asia were driven back by the Karakhitai and settled in Khurasan. They defeated the Great Saljuq Sanjar in 1153, but were subdued by the Khwarazm-Shahs. After the foundation of the Mongol Empire in the thirteenth century, the name Oghuz is no longer found, whereas that of Turkmen has survived until the present day. The epic of the Oghuz is called Oghuz-nama.
In the ninth century the Oghuz Turks from the Aral steppes drove the Pecheneg Turks of the Emba region and the River Ural toward the west. In the tenth century they inhabited the steppe of the rivers Sari-su, Turgai, and Emba to the north of Lake Balkhash of modern day Kazakhstan. A clan of this nation, the Seljuks, embraced Islam and in the eleventh century entered Persia, where it founded the Great Seljuk Empire.
Similarly, in the eleventh century a Tengriist Oghuz clan—referred to as Uzes or Torks in the Russian chronicles—overthrew Pecheneg supremacy in the Russian steppe. Harried by another Turkic horde, the Kipchaks—a branch of the Kimaks of the middle Irtysh or of the Ob—these Oghuz penetrated as far as the lower Danube, crossed it and invaded the Balkans, where they were either crushed or struck down by an outbreak of plague, causing the survivors either to flee or to join the Byzantine imperial forces as mercenaries (1065).
Oguz see Oghuz
Ghuzz see Oghuz
Guozz see Oghuz
Kuz see Oghuz
Oufoi see Oghuz
Uguz see Oghuz
Oghuz (Oguz) (Ghuzz) (Guozz) (Kuz) (Okuz) (Oufoi) (Ouz) (Ouzoi) (Torks) (Turkmen) (Uguz) (Uğuz) (Uz). Name of an eastern Turkish people, the best-known tribes being the Uyghurs, the Saljuqs, the Artuqids and the Ottomans. In the ninth century, some groups spread to the west and are known to have settled around Diyarbakr. In the tenth century, they occupied a territory the southern border of which was formed by the Aral Sea and the Iaxartes, where they came in touch with the Muslim world. By the end of the tenth century, Islam had become general among them. By that time, those of the Oghuz who had become Muslim were indicated with the name Turkmen, but later the name Oghuz was also used for the Muslims. In the third and fourth decades of the eleventh century, a group, under the leadership of Chaghri-Beg and Tughril-Beg of the Saljuq family, expanded westwards, and defeated the Ghaznavid Mas‘ud in 1040. The greater part of Persia and Iraq was conquered on behalf of the so-called Great Saljuqs. Most of the Oghuz concentrated in Azerbaijan, from where a section spread to Asia Minor and converted it into what from then on was known as Turkey. Oghuz tribes who had remained behind in Central Asia were driven back by the Karakhitai and settled in Khurasan. They defeated the Great Saljuq Sanjar in 1153, but were subdued by the Khwarazm-Shahs. After the foundation of the Mongol Empire in the thirteenth century, the name Oghuz is no longer found, whereas that of Turkmen has survived until the present day. The epic of the Oghuz is called Oghuz-nama.
In the ninth century the Oghuz Turks from the Aral steppes drove the Pecheneg Turks of the Emba region and the River Ural toward the west. In the tenth century they inhabited the steppe of the rivers Sari-su, Turgai, and Emba to the north of Lake Balkhash of modern day Kazakhstan. A clan of this nation, the Seljuks, embraced Islam and in the eleventh century entered Persia, where it founded the Great Seljuk Empire.
Similarly, in the eleventh century a Tengriist Oghuz clan—referred to as Uzes or Torks in the Russian chronicles—overthrew Pecheneg supremacy in the Russian steppe. Harried by another Turkic horde, the Kipchaks—a branch of the Kimaks of the middle Irtysh or of the Ob—these Oghuz penetrated as far as the lower Danube, crossed it and invaded the Balkans, where they were either crushed or struck down by an outbreak of plague, causing the survivors either to flee or to join the Byzantine imperial forces as mercenaries (1065).
Oguz see Oghuz
Ghuzz see Oghuz
Guozz see Oghuz
Kuz see Oghuz
Oufoi see Oghuz
Uguz see Oghuz
No comments:
Post a Comment