Ould Daddah, Moktar
Ould Daddah, Moktar (Moktar Ould Daddah) (December 25, 1924 - October 14, 2003). President of Mauritania (1961-1978). Ould Daddah was born in the small town of Boutillimit into an aristocratic family. In the 1950s, Ould Daddah married the daughter of French President Charles de Gaulle, while studing law in Paris France. He would later return to Paris as the first Mauritanian with a University degree. Later still, he joined the relatively moderate party Progressive Mauritanian Union.
In 1958, he was elected president of the Executive Council. He then established a new party, the Mauritanian Regrouping Party.
In 1959, he was elected prime minister of still colonized Mauritania, after that his party won every seat in the National Assembly in popular elections.
In August 1961, Ould Daddah was elected president of Mauritania, the first after the country’s independence. In September, a government was formed with ministers from the two largest parties of Mauritania. In December, Ould Daddah, had the four main political parties join the Mauritanian People’s Party, which became the sole legal party.
In 1964, due to national unrest, Ould Daddah changed Mauritania into an authoritarian one-party systerm. In 1966, Ould Daddah was re-elected president.
In 1971, Ould Daddah was elected president of the Organization of African Unity (OUA). Later Ould Daddah was re-elected president.
In August 1975, Ould Daddah presented a charter which calls for an Islamic, nationalist, centralist and socialist democracy. This charter proved popular, and resulted in less tension with the opposition.
In 1976, Ould Daddah was re-elected president.
In July 1977, Mouakchott was attacked by the Polisario, and Ould Daddah appointed for the first time a military officer to the position of minister of defense. He had earlier avoided this, in fear of a military take over.
On July 10, 1978, Ould Daddah was ousted from power after a coup led by Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Ould Salek. This was a reaction to the lack of success that Mauritania had when trying to take over parts of former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara). Ould Daddah's successors would surrender Mauritania's claims to Western Sahara and withdraw from the war the following year.
After a period of imprisonment, Ould Daddah was allowed to go into exile in France in August 1979, where he organized an opposition group, the Alliance pour une Mauritanie Democratique (AMD) in 1980. Attempts to overthrow the regime from abroad were unsuccessful. Ould Daddah was allowed to return to Mauritania on July 17, 2001, but died, following a long illness, in Paris on October 14, 2003. His body was subsequently flown back to Mauritania, where it was buried.
Ould Daddah became the first president of independent Mauritania in 1961. His politics were authoritarian but allowed some public participation. In many cases, public participation was, however, expressed through strikes and demonstrations, and in the late 1960s the country was on the verge of civil war.
Ould Daddah’s rise to early success came from his abilities to make different opposition parties work together, for instance by admitting his earlier opponents into his later 1950s administration. He is mainly remembered for his achievements for working towards more unity between the two racial groups of the country: Moors and blacks. The economy of Mauritania saw little progress through his years in office, and the country remained most of the time strongly dependent on French aid.
What brought an end to his regime, was great dissatisfaction with Mauritania’s war in Western Sahara against Polisario, as many Mauritanians sympathized with their cause. But also, draught in Sahel, principally in the period 1969 to 1974, and decline in export revenues due to a fall in international prices on iron, had worsened the situation for all Mauritanians.
Moktar Ould Daddah see Ould Daddah, Moktar
In 1958, he was elected president of the Executive Council. He then established a new party, the Mauritanian Regrouping Party.
In 1959, he was elected prime minister of still colonized Mauritania, after that his party won every seat in the National Assembly in popular elections.
In August 1961, Ould Daddah was elected president of Mauritania, the first after the country’s independence. In September, a government was formed with ministers from the two largest parties of Mauritania. In December, Ould Daddah, had the four main political parties join the Mauritanian People’s Party, which became the sole legal party.
In 1964, due to national unrest, Ould Daddah changed Mauritania into an authoritarian one-party systerm. In 1966, Ould Daddah was re-elected president.
In 1971, Ould Daddah was elected president of the Organization of African Unity (OUA). Later Ould Daddah was re-elected president.
In August 1975, Ould Daddah presented a charter which calls for an Islamic, nationalist, centralist and socialist democracy. This charter proved popular, and resulted in less tension with the opposition.
In 1976, Ould Daddah was re-elected president.
In July 1977, Mouakchott was attacked by the Polisario, and Ould Daddah appointed for the first time a military officer to the position of minister of defense. He had earlier avoided this, in fear of a military take over.
On July 10, 1978, Ould Daddah was ousted from power after a coup led by Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Ould Salek. This was a reaction to the lack of success that Mauritania had when trying to take over parts of former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara). Ould Daddah's successors would surrender Mauritania's claims to Western Sahara and withdraw from the war the following year.
After a period of imprisonment, Ould Daddah was allowed to go into exile in France in August 1979, where he organized an opposition group, the Alliance pour une Mauritanie Democratique (AMD) in 1980. Attempts to overthrow the regime from abroad were unsuccessful. Ould Daddah was allowed to return to Mauritania on July 17, 2001, but died, following a long illness, in Paris on October 14, 2003. His body was subsequently flown back to Mauritania, where it was buried.
Ould Daddah became the first president of independent Mauritania in 1961. His politics were authoritarian but allowed some public participation. In many cases, public participation was, however, expressed through strikes and demonstrations, and in the late 1960s the country was on the verge of civil war.
Ould Daddah’s rise to early success came from his abilities to make different opposition parties work together, for instance by admitting his earlier opponents into his later 1950s administration. He is mainly remembered for his achievements for working towards more unity between the two racial groups of the country: Moors and blacks. The economy of Mauritania saw little progress through his years in office, and the country remained most of the time strongly dependent on French aid.
What brought an end to his regime, was great dissatisfaction with Mauritania’s war in Western Sahara against Polisario, as many Mauritanians sympathized with their cause. But also, draught in Sahel, principally in the period 1969 to 1974, and decline in export revenues due to a fall in international prices on iron, had worsened the situation for all Mauritanians.
Moktar Ould Daddah see Ould Daddah, Moktar
Ozal
Ozal (Turgut Ozal) (Halil Turgut Özal) (b. October 13, 1927, Malatya, Turkey – April 17, 1993, Ankara). Turkish politician, deputy prime minister (1980-1982), prime minister (1983-1989); and president (1989-1993).
Özal studied electrical engineering at Istanbul Technical University, where he met the future prime minister Süleyman Demirel. Özal became an under secretary at the Turkish State Planning Organization (1967–71), and during the 1970s he worked as an economist for the World Bank. In 1979 he became an adviser to Demirel’s government. When the military overthrew Demirel in 1980, Özal was asked to stay on as deputy prime minister. He implemented a program of economic reforms, including the lifting of exchange controls and extensive liberalization of trade. In 1982 he was forced to resign over a banking scandal.
In 1983 Özal became prime minister after the right-of-center Motherland Party (ANAP), of which he was the founder, won a majority in parliamentary elections; the party won again in 1987. As prime minister Özal continued his free-market, Western-oriented economic policies. He sponsored Turkey’s unsuccessful bid to join the European Community (EC) in 1987. Toward the end of the decade his popularity began to decline, partly because of persistent inflation and rising unemployment; critics also claimed that he behaved like an autocrat and that he tolerated human-rights violations. Özal responded in 1989 by having the parliament elect him president, a post traditionally regarded as above politics; he was thus able to retain high office after the ANAP’s 1991 electoral defeat. He then set out to expand the role of the president. During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, he led Turkey to join the United Nations coalition against Iraq; he also supported increased rights for Turkey’s Kurdish minority.
Ozal was born on October 13, 1927, in Malatya, as son of a teacher in Islam.
In the 1940s, Ozal started studying electrical engineering, where he met future prime minister Suleyman Demirel.
In 1967, Ozal became an undersecretary at the Turkish State Planning Organization, and worked close to prime minister Demirel.
In 1971, Ozal started working as an economist for the World Bank.
In 1979, Ozal became advisor to Demirel’s government.
In September 1980, the military overthrew Demirel’s government, and Ozal was appointed deputy prime minister.
In July 1982, Ozal had to resign as deputy prime minister after a banking scandal.
In 1983, Ozal’s new party, the Motherland Party (ANAP) won a majority in the parliament, and Ozal can form a proper government.
In 1987, ANAP won a majority in the parliament for a second time, but now with a smaller margin.
In 1989, Ozal used the parliament majority to appoint himself president.
In April 17, 1993, Ozal died from a heart attack in Ankara.
Ozal’s entry into Turkish politics came much by chance. He met Demirel during his years as a student, and Demirel made him his advisor when he formed government.
Ozal was active in opening up Turkish economy, orienting it towards Western patterns. He worked for Turkish membership in the European Union in the 1980s, but did not succeed. Ozal also worked for increased rights for the Kurdish population. Ozal was also accredited for smoothing the military’s disengagement from day-to-day politics. However, his politics did not lead to the expected results, as Turkey was struck hard by high inflation and increasing unemployment. His regime also allowed continued breaches to human rights.
During his presidency, Ozal tried to increased the power of the president -- which to a large degree was a non-political position. This lead to clashes between him and prime minister Demirel.
Turgut Ozal see Ozal
Halil Turgut Ozal see Ozal
Ozal, Halil Turgut see Ozal
Ozal, Turgut see Ozal
Ozal (Turgut Ozal) (Halil Turgut Özal) (b. October 13, 1927, Malatya, Turkey – April 17, 1993, Ankara). Turkish politician, deputy prime minister (1980-1982), prime minister (1983-1989); and president (1989-1993).
Özal studied electrical engineering at Istanbul Technical University, where he met the future prime minister Süleyman Demirel. Özal became an under secretary at the Turkish State Planning Organization (1967–71), and during the 1970s he worked as an economist for the World Bank. In 1979 he became an adviser to Demirel’s government. When the military overthrew Demirel in 1980, Özal was asked to stay on as deputy prime minister. He implemented a program of economic reforms, including the lifting of exchange controls and extensive liberalization of trade. In 1982 he was forced to resign over a banking scandal.
In 1983 Özal became prime minister after the right-of-center Motherland Party (ANAP), of which he was the founder, won a majority in parliamentary elections; the party won again in 1987. As prime minister Özal continued his free-market, Western-oriented economic policies. He sponsored Turkey’s unsuccessful bid to join the European Community (EC) in 1987. Toward the end of the decade his popularity began to decline, partly because of persistent inflation and rising unemployment; critics also claimed that he behaved like an autocrat and that he tolerated human-rights violations. Özal responded in 1989 by having the parliament elect him president, a post traditionally regarded as above politics; he was thus able to retain high office after the ANAP’s 1991 electoral defeat. He then set out to expand the role of the president. During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, he led Turkey to join the United Nations coalition against Iraq; he also supported increased rights for Turkey’s Kurdish minority.
Ozal was born on October 13, 1927, in Malatya, as son of a teacher in Islam.
In the 1940s, Ozal started studying electrical engineering, where he met future prime minister Suleyman Demirel.
In 1967, Ozal became an undersecretary at the Turkish State Planning Organization, and worked close to prime minister Demirel.
In 1971, Ozal started working as an economist for the World Bank.
In 1979, Ozal became advisor to Demirel’s government.
In September 1980, the military overthrew Demirel’s government, and Ozal was appointed deputy prime minister.
In July 1982, Ozal had to resign as deputy prime minister after a banking scandal.
In 1983, Ozal’s new party, the Motherland Party (ANAP) won a majority in the parliament, and Ozal can form a proper government.
In 1987, ANAP won a majority in the parliament for a second time, but now with a smaller margin.
In 1989, Ozal used the parliament majority to appoint himself president.
In April 17, 1993, Ozal died from a heart attack in Ankara.
Ozal’s entry into Turkish politics came much by chance. He met Demirel during his years as a student, and Demirel made him his advisor when he formed government.
Ozal was active in opening up Turkish economy, orienting it towards Western patterns. He worked for Turkish membership in the European Union in the 1980s, but did not succeed. Ozal also worked for increased rights for the Kurdish population. Ozal was also accredited for smoothing the military’s disengagement from day-to-day politics. However, his politics did not lead to the expected results, as Turkey was struck hard by high inflation and increasing unemployment. His regime also allowed continued breaches to human rights.
During his presidency, Ozal tried to increased the power of the president -- which to a large degree was a non-political position. This lead to clashes between him and prime minister Demirel.
Turgut Ozal see Ozal
Halil Turgut Ozal see Ozal
Ozal, Halil Turgut see Ozal
Ozal, Turgut see Ozal
Ozbeg
Ozbeg (Uzbeg) (Uzbek) (Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad Oz Beg) (Mohammed Oz-Beg)(Uzbeg Khan) (1282-1341). Mongol leader and khan (r. 1313-1341) of the Golden Horde, or Kipchak empire, of southern Russia, under whom it attained its greatest power. Öz Beg was a convert to Islām, but he also welcomed Christian missionaries from western Europe into his realm. Öz Beg encouraged the predominance of the princes of Moscow among his Christian vassals. His name survives today in that of the Uzbek people and of Uzbekistan.
Ozbeg was the longest-reigning khan of the Golden Horde, under whose rule the state reached its zenith. He was succeeded by his son Jani Beg.
He was the son of Toghrilcha and grandson of Mengu-Timur, who had been khan of the Golden Horde from 1267–1280.
Ozbeg's father Togrilcha was one of Genghisid princes that overthrew Tode-Mengu (r.1280–1287). Later, he was executed by Tokhta (1291–1312). Tokhta took Togrilcha's wife and sent his son Ozbeg to exile in a distant region of the Golden Horde: Khorazm or the country of the Circassians.
Converted to Islam by Ibn Abdul Hamid, a Bukharan sayyid and sheikh of the Yasavi order, Öz-Beg assumed the throne upon the death of his uncle Tokhta in January 1313 with the help of the former khan's Muslim vizier Temur Qutlugh and Bulaghan (or Bayalun) khatun. At first, Mongol nobles were against him and organized a plot to kill the new khan. Ozbeg found out about the plot and crushed the rebels. His adoption of Islam as a state religion led to a conspiracy of Shamanist and Buddhist princes, which was severely subdued. Ozbeg determinedly spread Islam amongst the Gorde Horde. He allowed missionary activities to expand in the surrounding regions. Ozbeg found out that his competitor was backed by the envoys of the Great Khan Ayurbarwada Buyantu and deteriorated his relationship with Yuan Dynasty. The last of his rebel relatives was shamanist khan Ilbasan of the White Horde. Ilbasan was murdered in 1320. Uzbeg installed Mubarak Khwaja who was a Muslim to the leadership of the White Horde. In the long run, Islam enabled the khan to eliminate inter-factional struggles in the Horde and to stabilize state institutions.
Ozbeg urged the Mongol elite to convert to Islam, but at the same time, he preserved the lives of Christians and pagans such as Russians, Circassians, Alans, Bulgars, Finno-Ugric people, Turks and Crimean Greeks as long as they continued to pay the jizyah in subjection to Islamic rule.
Öz-Beg maintained one of the largest armies in the world, which exceeded 300,000 warriors. He employed his military clout to conduct campaigns against the Ilkhanate in Azerbaijan in 1319, 1325 and 1335. The Ilkhanid commander Chupan repulsed one of his first two attempts and even invaded deep into Jochid Ulus in 1325. After he found an ally against the Ilkhanids in the shape of Mameluke Egypt, one of the Cairo squares was named after him. The khan had the daughter of the previous khan's sister, princess Tulunbuya, married to the Mameluke sultan. But she died soon after and Uzbek was disappointed. In 1323, a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Ilkhanate. The situation relieved the alliance and the Mamelukes refused to invade the Ilkhanate. Ozbeg's next incursion coincided with Abu Said's death. However, the weather turned bad and the new Ilkhan Arpa Ke'un came with a large force to face Ozbeg's army. His army had to withdrew.
Chagatai Khan Esen Buqa I attempted to gain the support of Uzbeg Khan against Buyantu, the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, in 1313 and 1316. Esen Buqa warned Uzbeg that the Great Khan would overthrow him from the throne of the Horde and install another khan from the Jochids instead. But Uzbek's vizier convinced him not to believe his words and the Khan refused to help him. Although, he tried his best to eliminate every influence and inspiration of Yuan Dynasty on the Golden Horde, the Khan's diplomatic relationship with the Yuan improved in 1324. By the 1330s, Ozbeg began sending tributes to Mongol Yuan Emperors and received his share from Jochid possessions in China and Mongolia in exchange.
Öz-Beg was engaged in wars with Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire from 1320 to 1332. Ozbeg khan repeatedly raided Thrace, partly in service of Bulgaria's war against both Byzantium and Serbia. His armies pillaged Thrace for 40 days in 1324 and for 15 days in 1337, taking 300,000 captives. After Ozbeg's death in 1341, his successors did not continue his aggressive policy and contacts with Bulgaria lapsed. His attempt to reassert Mongol control over Serbia was unsuccessful in 1330. Emperor Andronikos III gave his illegitimate daughter in marriage to Ozbeg but relations turned sour at the end of Andronikos's reign and the Mongols mounted raids on Thrace between 1320 to 1324, until the Byzantine port of Vicina Macaria was occupied by the Mongols. Andronikos's daughter, who adopted the name Bayalun, managed to escape to the Byzantine Empire due to fearing Islamic conversion.
Ozbeg allowed Genoese, who harassed by Tokhta, to settle in Crimea. But the Mongols sacked Sudak under Khan Ozbeg in 1322 as a result of a clash between Christians and Muslims in the city. The Genoese merchants in the other towns were not molested in 1322. The Pope intervened and asked Ozbeg to restore Roman Catholic churches. Ozbeg was friendly towards the Pope and exchanged letters and gifts. Khan Ozbeg signed a new trade treaty with the Genoese in 1339 and allowed them to rebuild the walls of Kaffa. In 1332 he allowed the Venetians to establish a colony at Tanais on the Don.
Uzbeg see Ozbeg
Uzbek see Ozbeg
Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad Oz Beg see Ozbeg
Mohammed Oz-Beg see Ozbeg
Ozbeg (Uzbeg) (Uzbek) (Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad Oz Beg) (Mohammed Oz-Beg)(Uzbeg Khan) (1282-1341). Mongol leader and khan (r. 1313-1341) of the Golden Horde, or Kipchak empire, of southern Russia, under whom it attained its greatest power. Öz Beg was a convert to Islām, but he also welcomed Christian missionaries from western Europe into his realm. Öz Beg encouraged the predominance of the princes of Moscow among his Christian vassals. His name survives today in that of the Uzbek people and of Uzbekistan.
Ozbeg was the longest-reigning khan of the Golden Horde, under whose rule the state reached its zenith. He was succeeded by his son Jani Beg.
He was the son of Toghrilcha and grandson of Mengu-Timur, who had been khan of the Golden Horde from 1267–1280.
Ozbeg's father Togrilcha was one of Genghisid princes that overthrew Tode-Mengu (r.1280–1287). Later, he was executed by Tokhta (1291–1312). Tokhta took Togrilcha's wife and sent his son Ozbeg to exile in a distant region of the Golden Horde: Khorazm or the country of the Circassians.
Converted to Islam by Ibn Abdul Hamid, a Bukharan sayyid and sheikh of the Yasavi order, Öz-Beg assumed the throne upon the death of his uncle Tokhta in January 1313 with the help of the former khan's Muslim vizier Temur Qutlugh and Bulaghan (or Bayalun) khatun. At first, Mongol nobles were against him and organized a plot to kill the new khan. Ozbeg found out about the plot and crushed the rebels. His adoption of Islam as a state religion led to a conspiracy of Shamanist and Buddhist princes, which was severely subdued. Ozbeg determinedly spread Islam amongst the Gorde Horde. He allowed missionary activities to expand in the surrounding regions. Ozbeg found out that his competitor was backed by the envoys of the Great Khan Ayurbarwada Buyantu and deteriorated his relationship with Yuan Dynasty. The last of his rebel relatives was shamanist khan Ilbasan of the White Horde. Ilbasan was murdered in 1320. Uzbeg installed Mubarak Khwaja who was a Muslim to the leadership of the White Horde. In the long run, Islam enabled the khan to eliminate inter-factional struggles in the Horde and to stabilize state institutions.
Ozbeg urged the Mongol elite to convert to Islam, but at the same time, he preserved the lives of Christians and pagans such as Russians, Circassians, Alans, Bulgars, Finno-Ugric people, Turks and Crimean Greeks as long as they continued to pay the jizyah in subjection to Islamic rule.
Öz-Beg maintained one of the largest armies in the world, which exceeded 300,000 warriors. He employed his military clout to conduct campaigns against the Ilkhanate in Azerbaijan in 1319, 1325 and 1335. The Ilkhanid commander Chupan repulsed one of his first two attempts and even invaded deep into Jochid Ulus in 1325. After he found an ally against the Ilkhanids in the shape of Mameluke Egypt, one of the Cairo squares was named after him. The khan had the daughter of the previous khan's sister, princess Tulunbuya, married to the Mameluke sultan. But she died soon after and Uzbek was disappointed. In 1323, a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Ilkhanate. The situation relieved the alliance and the Mamelukes refused to invade the Ilkhanate. Ozbeg's next incursion coincided with Abu Said's death. However, the weather turned bad and the new Ilkhan Arpa Ke'un came with a large force to face Ozbeg's army. His army had to withdrew.
Chagatai Khan Esen Buqa I attempted to gain the support of Uzbeg Khan against Buyantu, the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, in 1313 and 1316. Esen Buqa warned Uzbeg that the Great Khan would overthrow him from the throne of the Horde and install another khan from the Jochids instead. But Uzbek's vizier convinced him not to believe his words and the Khan refused to help him. Although, he tried his best to eliminate every influence and inspiration of Yuan Dynasty on the Golden Horde, the Khan's diplomatic relationship with the Yuan improved in 1324. By the 1330s, Ozbeg began sending tributes to Mongol Yuan Emperors and received his share from Jochid possessions in China and Mongolia in exchange.
Öz-Beg was engaged in wars with Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire from 1320 to 1332. Ozbeg khan repeatedly raided Thrace, partly in service of Bulgaria's war against both Byzantium and Serbia. His armies pillaged Thrace for 40 days in 1324 and for 15 days in 1337, taking 300,000 captives. After Ozbeg's death in 1341, his successors did not continue his aggressive policy and contacts with Bulgaria lapsed. His attempt to reassert Mongol control over Serbia was unsuccessful in 1330. Emperor Andronikos III gave his illegitimate daughter in marriage to Ozbeg but relations turned sour at the end of Andronikos's reign and the Mongols mounted raids on Thrace between 1320 to 1324, until the Byzantine port of Vicina Macaria was occupied by the Mongols. Andronikos's daughter, who adopted the name Bayalun, managed to escape to the Byzantine Empire due to fearing Islamic conversion.
Ozbeg allowed Genoese, who harassed by Tokhta, to settle in Crimea. But the Mongols sacked Sudak under Khan Ozbeg in 1322 as a result of a clash between Christians and Muslims in the city. The Genoese merchants in the other towns were not molested in 1322. The Pope intervened and asked Ozbeg to restore Roman Catholic churches. Ozbeg was friendly towards the Pope and exchanged letters and gifts. Khan Ozbeg signed a new trade treaty with the Genoese in 1339 and allowed them to rebuild the walls of Kaffa. In 1332 he allowed the Venetians to establish a colony at Tanais on the Don.
Uzbeg see Ozbeg
Uzbek see Ozbeg
Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad Oz Beg see Ozbeg
Mohammed Oz-Beg see Ozbeg
Ozbeg ibn Muhammad Pahlawan
Ozbeg ibn Muhammad Pahlawan. Last atabeg of the Ildeninzids (r.1210-1225). Before his accession to the throne of Azerbaijan, the center of his activities was a Hamadhan where he was attacked by his ruling brother Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr who reigned from 1195 to 1210 by the Khwarazm-Shah ‘Ala’ al-Din Muhammad, who reigned from 1200 to 1220, the ‘Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir li-Din Allah and various ambitious slaves. After 1210, he was attacked by the Georgians and the Mongols, and he was finally dispossessed by theKhwarazm-Shah Jalal al-Din Mingburnu.
Ibn Muhammad Pahlawan, Ozbeg see Ozbeg ibn Muhammad Pahlawan.
Ozbeg ibn Muhammad Pahlawan. Last atabeg of the Ildeninzids (r.1210-1225). Before his accession to the throne of Azerbaijan, the center of his activities was a Hamadhan where he was attacked by his ruling brother Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr who reigned from 1195 to 1210 by the Khwarazm-Shah ‘Ala’ al-Din Muhammad, who reigned from 1200 to 1220, the ‘Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir li-Din Allah and various ambitious slaves. After 1210, he was attacked by the Georgians and the Mongols, and he was finally dispossessed by theKhwarazm-Shah Jalal al-Din Mingburnu.
Ibn Muhammad Pahlawan, Ozbeg see Ozbeg ibn Muhammad Pahlawan.
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